Six questions that could show if you're at 危険 of dementia

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In dementia, the brain 独房s die off faster than they 普通は would
Lifestyle factors such as having high 血圧力増加する the 危険
Doctors use memory 実験（する）s to identify those who may be at 危険
It’s 決定的な to get a diagnosis ーするために start getting support in place

By DR KEITH SOUTER

Published: 22:24 BST, 23 March 2015 | Updated: 09:26 BST, 24 March 2015

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The greatest 恐れる for people is that they may end their days slipping into dementia

What 関心s you most about your 未来 health??

Chances are it is not the 条件 of your heart or even the 危険 of 癌.?

Today, the greatest 恐れる for people is that they may end their days slipping into dementia.

The idea of losing 支配（する）／統制する of one’s thoughts or 存在 unable to remember loved ones 原因（となる）s 理解できる苦悩, and it happens to an 増加するing number of people.

によれば the Alzheimer’s Society there are already more than 800,000 people with dementia in the UK and that number is 始める，決める to 二塁打 over the next 35 years.

恐れるs about becoming one of them has led to a 殺到する of people turning up at dementia clinics.?

人物／姿／数字s published by the 王室の College of 内科医s earlier this month show there’s been a four-倍の rise in the number of 患者s 捜し出すing help at these specialist centres.

They’re anxious about their forgetfulness and 自信のない of what it means.

So how can you tell if you ― or someone の近くに to you ― is just a bit forgetful or in the 早期に行う／開催する／段階s of dementia? And what can you do to 削減（する） your 危険 of developing the 病気 in the first place?

Over the coming weeks, these questions and many more will be answered in this major Good Health series, helping you understand everything you need to know about this 病気, its diagnosis and how best to 扱う／治療する it.

We’ll also look at other 条件s, from 不景気 to 甲状腺 problems, that are often wrongly 診断するd as dementia.

And if you’re one of the legion of silent heroes caring for someone with dementia, we’ll also 焦点（を合わせる） on how to 対処する with the challenges you 直面する.

As dementia becomes ますますありふれた, we all need to know how to live 井戸／弁護士席 with this 病気...we hope to help you find the way.

THERE ARE 200 TYPES OF DEMENTIA?

Dementia is not a 選び出す／独身病気, but is an umbrella 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 for a group of 条件s that 損失 the brain.?

In fact, there are more than 200 types of dementia. Alzheimer’s 病気, which accounts for 60 to 70 per cent of 事例／患者s, is the most ありふれた form.

One of the main features of Alzheimer’s ― and all forms of dementia ― is that the brain 縮むs. 最初 this 影響する／感情s the hippocampus, the area of the brain associated with memory.

There is also an overproduction of tau, the protein made by 神経独房s in the brain to 持続する their 形態／調整.

One of the main features of Alzheimer's is that the brain 縮むs, 原因（となる）ing memory loss, 混乱 and personality changes. This image shows CT ざっと目を通すs of an 年輩の患者 with the 条件

The 超過 tau forms ‘絡まるs’, which 影響する／感情 the normal 関係s between 隣人ing 独房s.

In 新規加入, there is a 減少（する） in acetylcholine, a 化学製品 messenger 決定的な for memory.?

Structures called amyloid plaques, clumps of a protein produced by 神経独房s, are also 設立する in the brains of those with Alzheimer’s.

After Alzheimer’s, the next most ありふれた form of the 条件 is vascular dementia, which accounts for 20 per cent of 事例／患者s and is linked to lifestyle ― it’s a bit like heart 病気 of the brain.?

It occurs に引き続いて a 一打／打撃 or when the 血大型船s 供給（する）ing the brain become furred up or 封鎖するd.?

If 血供給（する） is 削減（する） off to a part of the brain, the brain 独房s die off within just six minutes.

With this, as with some other forms, there may be no memory loss at all ― 患者s may, for example, have problems finding the 権利 words to 表明する themselves or have balance problems, making them 傾向がある to 落ちるs.

Some people を煩う ‘mixed pattern’ dementia, a combination of Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia.

反して all forms of dementia 伴う／関わる some form of 損失 to the brain, what differentiates them is where that 損失 occurs.

DO WE ALL GET IT EVENTUALLY??

Genetics can play a part in dementia ― but only in a small 百分率 of 事例／患者s

Dementia is not a normal part of ageing.?

It’s true that as we age, even healthy brains 縮む from the age of 50.

Between the ages of 50 to 65 the 普通の／平均（する） brain may lose 4oz or 5oz in 負わせる.?

The levels of 化学製品 messengers, called neurotransmitters, also 減少（する） and the brain’s ability to 吸収する glucose, which it needs to 機能（する）／行事, is 減ずるd.

This is why some notice a slowing 負かす／撃墜する of their mental 機能（する）／行事s or they can’t do things as quickly as they used to.

This can lead to the ‘tip of the tongue’ problem when you can’t remember a word or 指名する.?

This is incredibly ありふれた and in most 事例／患者s does not mean that person is developing dementia.

In dementia, the brain 独房s die off faster than they 普通は would and there will be greater shrinkage of the brain. This leads to a far more extreme 悪化／低下 than simple ageing.

Why some people go on to develop dementia while many others don’t is not known for sure.?

Lifestyle factors such as having high 血圧力 or raised cholesterol 増加する the 危険, as does 存在 a woman ― two-thirds of people with dementia are 女性（の）.?

Genetics can play a part ― but only in a small 百分率 of 事例／患者s.?

We will cover the さまざまな原因（となる）s in more 詳細（に述べる） in the weeks to come.

HOW CAN I TELL I'VE DEFINITELY GOT IT??

This is the 重要な question. There is no 最終的な実験（する） for dementia.?

The only way to know for sure if someone has had it is after death, in an 検視.

But doctors do use memory 実験（する）s as a basic 審査装置 to identify those who may be at 危険.

The 実験（する） your GP is most likely to use is the Six Item Cognitive I mpairment 実験（する）, developed in the U.S. in 1983 and updated as the 6CIT- Kingshill 見解／翻訳／版 by Dr Patrick Brooke, a British GP.

Here we 再生する the 実験（する）, with the caveat that you should always see your GP with any 関心s.

Ask someone to put these questions to you and then 得点する／非難する／２０ each answer to give a possible total out of 28.

There is no 最終的な実験（する） for dementia, but doctors do use memory 実験（する） to 審査する people who may be at 危険?

1. WHAT YEAR IS IT?

(得点する／非難する／２０ 0 if you answer 正確に, 4 if incorrect )

2. WHAT MONTH IS IT?

(訂正する: 0; incorrect: 3)

At this point in the 実験（する）, a 指名する and 演説（する）／住所 is given and the person is asked to remember it. It should have five 構成要素s, for example: Peter Smith, 56 High Street, Luton.

3. WITHOUT L OOKING AT A CLOCK, WHAT TIME IS IT TO THE NEAREST HOUR?

(訂正する 0; incorrect 3)

4. COUNT BACK FROM 20 TO 1

(訂正する 0; error 2; more than one error, 4)

5.SAY THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR IN REVERSE ORDER

(訂正する 0; one error 2; two or more errors 4)

6.TELL ME THE NAME AND ADDRESS I GAVE YOU EARLIER

(訂正する: 0; one error: 2; two errors: 4; three errors: 6; four errors: 8; all wrong: 10)

得点する／非難する／２０

0-7 No 調印する of memory problems.

8-9 Some 証拠 of memory problems ― see your GP.

10-28 High 証拠 of memory impairment that needs その上の調査.

WHY DIAGNOSIS IS SO IMPORTANT

As most people know, there is no cure for dementia. But you shouldn’t think that this means getting 診断するd doesn’t 事柄.

The 専門家見解（をとる） is that it’s 決定的な to get a diagnosis ーするために start getting support in place, 特に as 概略で a third of people with dementia live on their own.

Also, there are 麻薬s such as Aricept that can help to slow 負かす／撃墜する the progression of Alzheimer’s 病気.

It’s 決定的な for someone with dementia to get a diagnosis ーするために start getting support in place, 特に as 概略で a third of people with dementia live on their own

Getting the 権利 diagnosis also 事柄s if other 条件s such as 不景気 are 構内／化合物ing the underlying dementia ― 治療 for the 不景気, for instance, can make a big difference.

Diagnosis also 許すs help ― practical or 財政上の ― to be put in place.

To get a diagnosis, the first port of call is your GP, who may carry out the Six Item Cognitive Impairment 実験（する）.

After this, the GP may order 血実験（する） s to 支配する out other 条件s such as a ビタミン B12 欠陥／不足, as the 団体／死体 needs this ビタミン to make 決定的な brain 化学製品s.

You may then be referred to a dementia or memory clinic; a co-ordinating centre with a 十分な範囲 of 査定／評価, diagnostic, 治療力のある and rehabilitation services able to 融通する the different types and the different severities.

Here, その上の査定／評価s will be done, and かもしれない also a brain ざっと目を通す that can 支配する out other 原因（となる）s of the symptoms and 位置／汚点／見つけ出す調印するs of shrinkage.?

This, however, may not be conclusive as in the 早期に行う／開催する／段階s this shrinkage may not be obvious. So diagnosis may be 延期するd by months as doctors wait to see if the memory gets worse.

ISN'T THERE A BLOOD TEST??

Scientists are now working on new ways to try to 改善する the way dementia is 診断するd.

Already in some European countries doctors are using lumbar 穴をあけるs, where cerobrospinal fluid is 除去するd from around the spinal column and 実験（する）d.?

In this 事例／患者, it is for the presence of two proteins ― amyloid and tau ― which are associated with Alzheimer’s, says Professor Simon Lovestone, professor of translational neuroscience at the University of Oxford, who is 主要な the 裁判，公判.

Scientists are working on a simple 血実験（する） to 確認する if memory lapses are 早期に調印するs of dementia

He 追加するs that the 実験（する）s are used in the UK but not 広範囲にわたって.

Professor Lovestone is 長，率いるing an international 共同基金d by Alzheimer’s UK working on a simple 血実験（する） to 確認する if memory lapses are 早期に調印するs of dementia.

研究員s have already identified proteins that if 現在の in a 血実験（する） could 予報する those with memory problems most likely to develop dementia.

‘We now know that there is a 始める，決める of ten proteins that can 予報する whether someone with 早期に symptoms of memory loss, or 穏やかな cognitive impairment, will develop dementia within a year, with a high level of 正確 of around 85 per cent,’ says Professor Lovestone.

‘Our next step will be to 実験（する） our findings in even larger 見本始める，決めるs, to その上の改善する正確 and 減ずる the 危険 of misdiagnosis, before we can develop a reliable 実験（する） suitable to be used by doctors.’?

It is not known when it will be 利用できる.?

A 匂いをかぐ実験（する） could also be on the horizon, as Alzheimer's 影響する／感情s a person's ability to smell

Finding a new reliable 実験（する） that can pinpoint the 病気早期に could change the way the 病気進歩s.

‘Alzheimer’s begins to 影響する／感情 the brain many years before 患者s are 診断するd with the 病気. Many of our 麻薬裁判，公判s fail because by the time 患者s are given the 麻薬s, the brain has already been too 厳しく影響する／感情d,’ says Professor Lovestone.

He 予報するs that simple phone apps could be used in the 未来. ‘Apple has recently 開始する，打ち上げるd the M 力／強力にする, which can help 診断する Parkinson’s 病気 by the way 患者s pronounce ‘Aah’ [changes in speech patterns can be a symptom of Parkinson’s 病気].

‘It’s possible a 類似の sort of 審査道具 could be developed for dementia, 含むing Alzheimer’s.’

A 匂いをかぐ実験（する） could also be on the horizon. It has been shown that the part of the brain 伴う／関わるd in smell is one of the earliest areas to be 影響する／感情d in those with Alzheimer’s.

研究員s have run a 裁判，公判 comparing how 井戸／弁護士席 people with 穏やかな to 穏健な Alzheimer’s 病気 and people without the 病気 identify 12 aromas 含むing 白人指導者べったりの東洋人, apple and モーター oil on.

The 研究員s, from the University of Leicester, 設立する that those with Alzheimer’s were いっそう少なく able to identify the smells ― and that the 実験（する） could distinguish between those who had Alzheimer’s and those who did not with an 正確 of 86.7 per cent, によれば data published in the 定期刊行物 of Alzheimer’s 病気.

The 研究員s say it may, in combination with other diagnostic 実験（する）s, help to 改善する早期に（犯罪，病気などの）発見 of Alzheimer’s in the 未来.

Dr Souter is a retired GP and fellow of the 王室の College of General Practitioners.?

Adapted by LUCY ELKINS from Your Guide To Understanding And 取引，協定ing With Dementia by Dr Keith Souter, published by Summersdale, ￡8.99. Order at mailbookshop.co.uk, or call 0808 272 0808. p&p is 解放する／自由な for a 限られた／立憲的な time only.

付加報告（する）／憶測ing: JO WATERS and ROGER DOBSON

I WAS ONLY 58 WHEN I WAS DIAGNOSED

Dementia is ますます存在診断するd in younger adults.?

Some 専門家s believe up to 100,000 people in their 30s, 40s and 50s may have it.?

Former adult educator Gail Morgan, 63, who lives in Cwmbran, South むちの跡s, was 58 when she was 診断するd:

'決まりきった仕事 is 決定的な. I have a calendar to put all my 任命s on,' said Gail Morgan, who was 58 when she was 診断するd with dementia (pictured with daughter Debbie)

When a psychiatrist told me I had Alzheimer’s I cried for an eternity. I kept 説, ‘Why me?’ It was a total shock. I mean, I wasn’t an "old" person.

But looking 支援する, I can see that I was having problems long before I was 診断するd.

My boss had started pulling me up on minor things, such as grammatical errors, about six years before that.

Three years later my GP 診断するd me with dysthymia ― a form of 不景気. I thought it was just the 強調する／ストレスs and 緊張するs of my life.

My daughters Debbie, who’s 38, and Katy, who is 35, 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑う I was 簡単に misdi agnosed.

At the time, I was aware I was becoming forgetful. I’d go upstairs, then forget what I’d gone up for.?

After my diagnosis of 不景気, I started going to my GP about my forgetfulness.

Two years later, I was referred to a neurologist. I had memory 実験（する）s, and ざっと目を通すs that showed my brain had shrunk and the 血大型船s 主要な to it had 狭くするd, which was 高度に異常な for somebody my age. That was the main 推論する／理由 for my diagnosis of Alzheimer’s.

They don’t know why I got it. I might just have unlucky 遺伝子s.

I’ve been on Aricept tablets since 2009 to try to 延期する the 進歩 of the illness, but over the past five years my health has 悪化するd noticeably.

Dementia 影響する／感情s short 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 memory, while long 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 memory 普通は remains 損なわれていない

Just over a year ago my daughters got carers to come in to help with my meals after they started noticing that I would put things in the oven and forget about them.

I also don’t go out by myself. A year ago, I went to the supermarket. I paid for the groceries, but just couldn’t work out how to get out of the 蓄える／店. I got terribly upset.

決まりきった仕事 is 決定的な. I have a calendar to put all my 任命s on. When I get up I circle that day, and 公式文書，認めるs remind me to take my purse and 重要なs if I am leaving the house.

I don’t want to sit at home feeling 哀れな. I have a bucket 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） that 含むs trips away, seeing musicals and going to the cinema. My mantra is to enjoy life while I can.

Interview: SHELLEY MARSDEN?

THE TELL-TALE WARNINGS

Symptoms depend on the type of dementia and the area of the brain that is 影響する／感情d, but typical 調印するs 含む:

MEMORY PROBLEMS: When we talk about memory problems and dementia we 基本的に mean short-称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 memory ― that is, memory for 最近の events. Long-称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 memory ― 解任するing something that happened 20 years ago with clarity ― is the last to remain 損なわれていない.

This 不平等 comes about because when something gets committed to memory it gets imprinted on the 回路・連盟s of the brain 独房s. The longer ago it is, the more it gets 増強するd and imprinted. That� �s why people with dementia can remember things from the past, even their childhood, but won’t 解任する what someone has just told them.

Short-称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 memories by 鮮明度／定義 have not been imprinted, so when brain 独房s die off the most 最近の memories are lost because they are in the 独房s that go first.

Not all memory problems are a 調印する of dementia. 問題／発行するs with day-to-day memory can be a 調印する of 穏やかな cognitive impairment (MCI). This is not a diagnosis in itself ― it can come about for a variety of 推論する／理由s such as heart 失敗 or 糖尿病, and only a small 百分率 of those with MCI will go on to develop 十分な-blown dementia.

To 決定する if someone has 早期に dementia or MCI there needs to be a referral to a memory clinic for memory 実験（する）s that will be repeated at a later date to see if there has been any 悪化／低下 ― which might signify dementia.

Another of the tell tale 調印するs of dementia is struggling with everyday 仕事s. As the 条件より悪くするs, simple things such as 打ち明けるing a door or cooking a meal may become 混乱させるing

DIFFICULTY COMMUNICATING: Another possible 調印する of dementia is struggling to find the 権利 word or finding conversations hard to follow. As a result, those 影響する／感情d 退却／保養地 from conversations with family and friends. This occurs because the temporal 高く弓形に打ち返す, the part of the brain which 取引，協定s with language understanding, is 一般的に影響する／感情d by the 損失 of dementia.

STRUGGLING WITH EVERYDAY TASKS: ありふれた活動／戦闘s such as 運動ing can become difficult. It’s as if they forget the steps needed. As the 条件より悪くするs, even simple things such as 打ち明けるing a door may become 混乱させるing and 苦しんでいる人s may, for instance, put a meal in the fridge or milk in the oven.

NOT KNOWING WHAT DAY OF THE WEEK IT IS: Losing a sense of time or place is another ありふれた symptom. People may lose 跡をつける of the day, date month or even the year. They may also get disorientated, so that they can be 混乱させるd about where they are, even when they are somewhere familiar to them.

Not knowing what day it is and losing a sense of time or place is another ありふれた symptom of dementia

UNABLE TO CONCENTRATE: People with dementia often stop long-心にいだくd hobbies that 需要・要求する集中, such as reading, crosswords, or even cooking, as they may find it hard to 焦点（を合わせる） or concentrate.

EMOTIONAL CHANGES: いつかs dementia can change people’s personality, making stoical types weepy and tearful, and placid characters irritable. 予測できない mood swings are another problem. 不景気 and 苦悩 are also ありふれた.

REPETITIVE QUESTIONS: Some people get caught in the ‘宙返り飛行現象’, where they ask the same question or do the same 活動／戦闘 over and over again. 不適切な behaviour can also occur. The person may shout, 叫び声をあげる or become 積極的な and suspiciousness is ありふれた.

Dementia