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Around 75,000 years ago, a middle-老年の Neanderthal woman was buried in a 洞穴 in the 山のふもとの丘s of Iraq.
Now, thanks to a 献身的な team of archaeologists, her 直面する can be 明らかにする／漏らすd for the first time.
指名するd Shanidar Z, her 骸骨／概要 had been buried by tens of thousands of years of sediment before first 存在 暴露するd in 2018.
When 専門家s from Cambridge University and Liverpool John Moores first discovered her skull, it had been flattened to around 2cm 厚い.
It had been 鎮圧するd, かもしれない by rockfall, 比較して soon after death, meaning more than 200 pieces were pieced together freehand to return it to its 初めの 形態／調整.
Around 75,000 years ago, a middle-老年の Neanderthal woman was buried in a 洞穴 in the 山のふもとの丘s of Iraq. Now, thanks to a 献身的な team of archaeologists, her 直面する can be 明らかにする／漏らすd for the first time
When 専門家s from Cambridge University and Liverpool John Moores first discovered her skull, it had been flattened to around 2cm 厚い
Now, her 直面する has been recreated as part of a new Netflix 文書の called Secrets of the Neanderthals.
Dr Emma Pomeroy, a paleoanthropologist from Cambridge's Department of Archaeology, said: 'The skulls of Neanderthals and humans look very different.
'Neanderthal skulls have 抱擁する brow 山の尾根s and 欠如（する） chins, with a 事業／計画（する）ing midface that results in more 目だつ noses. But the recreated 直面する 示唆するs those differences were not so stark in life.
'It's perhaps easier to see how interbreeding occurred between our 種類, to the extent that almost everyone alive today still has Neanderthal デオキシリボ核酸.'
Without pelvic bones, the team relied on sequencing tooth enamel proteins to 決定する the sex of the 骸骨／概要 ? believed to be 女性（の） and 老年の in her 中央の-forties.
At the time, this would have been a 重要な age to reach.
Teeth were also used to 計器 her age through levels of wear and 涙／ほころび ? with some 前線 teeth worn 負かす／撃墜する to the root.
At around five feet tall, and with some of the smallest adult arm bones in the Neanderthal 化石 記録，記録的な／記録する, her physique also 暗示するs a 女性（の）.
Her skull had been 鎮圧するd, かもしれない by rockfall, 比較して soon after death, meaning more than 200 pieces were pieced together freehand to return it to its 初めの 形態／調整
The rebuilt skull was surface scanned and 3D-printed, forming the basis of a 再建するd 長，率いる created by world-主要な paleo artists and 同一の twins Adrie and Alfons Kennis, who built up 層s of 捏造する，製作するd muscle and 肌 to 明らかにする／漏らす a 直面する.
To 抽出する the 骸骨／概要, the team first used a glue-like consolidant to 強化する the bones and surrounding sediment.
Then, they 除去するd Shanidar Z in dozens of small 失敗させる／負かす-wrapped 封鎖するs from under seven-and-a-half metres of 国／地域 and 激しく揺する within the heart of the 洞穴 500 miles north of Baghdad.
In the Cambridge lab, 研究員s took micro-CT ざっと目を通すs of each 封鎖する before 徐々に diluting the glue and using the ざっと目を通すs to guide extraction of bone fragments.
Dr Pomeroy said: 'Each sku ll fragment is gently cleaned while glue and consolidant are re-追加するd to stabilise the bone, which can be very soft, 類似の in consistency to a 薄焼きパン／素焼陶器 dunked in tea.
'It's like a high 火刑／賭けるs 3D jigsaw puzzle. A 選び出す／独身 封鎖する can take over a fortnight to 過程.'
The rebuilt skull was surface scanned and 3D-printed, forming the basis of a 再建するd 長，率いる created by world-主要な paleo artists and 同一の twins Adrie and Alfons Kennis, who built up 層s of 捏造する，製作するd muscle and 肌 to 明らかにする／漏らす a 直面する.
見解（をとる） of the 入り口 to Shanidar 洞穴, within the Zagros Mountains in the Kurdistan 地域 in northern Iraq
その上の 研究 since Shanidar Z was 設立する has （悪事，秘密などを）発見するd microscopic traces of charred food in the nearby 国／地域.
These carbonised bits of wild seeds, nuts and grasses 示唆する not only that Neanderthals 用意が出来ている food ? soaking and 続けざまに猛撃するing pulses ? and then cooked it, but did so in the presence of their dead.
'The 団体／死体 of Shanidar Z was within arm's reach of living individuals cooking with 解雇する／砲火／射撃 and eating,' Dr Pomeroy said.
'For these Neanderthals, there does not appear to be that （疑いを）晴らす 分離 between life and death.
'We can see that Neanderthals are coming 支援する to one particular 位置／汚点／見つけ出す to bury their dead. This could be １０年間s or even thousands of years apart.
'Is it just a coincidence, or is it intentional, and if so what brings them 支援する?
'As an older 女性（の）, Shanidar Z would have been a repository of knowledge for her group, and here we are 75,000 years later, learning from her still.'
Neanderthals are t hought to have died out around 40,000 years ago, and the 発見s of new remains are few and far between.
The Neanderthal featured in the 文書の is the first from the 洞穴 for over fifty years, and perhaps the best 保存するd individual to be 設立する this century.