When 航空機による cabins were the world's most sexist places to work: The first 空気／公表する hostesses couldn't marry, have children or work after 32. But they DID have to go to 'Charm Farm', wear skimpy outfits and kiss 乗客s, 令状s TOM LEONARD

• e-mail

A young woman with strawberry blonde hair and come-hither 注目する，もくろむs slowly pulls 負かす／撃墜する the zip on the 前線 of her coat to 明らかにする／漏らす a uniform of red 最高の，を越す and skirt.

To a soundtrack of burlesque flute music, she seductively disrobes, 除去するing first her 最高の，を越す, then her skirt, flinging the latter 行う／開催する／段階 left like a stripper jettisoning her bra.

Underneath, she is wearing a 比較して demure 転換 dress, which she then takes off to 明らかにする／漏らす another two-piece uniform, this time in more 保守的な grey.

Her 決まりきった仕事 over, a 深い male voiceover intones: 'The 空気／公表する （土地などの）細長い一片 is brought to you by Braniff International, who believes even an 航空機による hostess should look like a girl.'

Incredible as it may sound to modern ears, in 1965 the U.S. 航空機による's stewardesses would do a 漸進的な striptease during each flight, shedding pieces of their four-part 人物／姿／数字-hugging uniforms created by designer Emilio Pucci.

Flight attendants had to be singl e and could only work until the age of 32 - 同様に as having strict 負わせる and 測定 必要物／必要条件s

Marketed by their 雇用者s as not only 望ましい but 利用できる, 空気／公表する stewardesses were 事実上の 空輸の Playboy Bunnies

This TV 商業の and another 平等に jaw-dropping advert that ran with the copyline, 'Does your wife know you're 飛行機で行くing with us?', 証明するd to be extraordinarily successful. Within a year, the 航空機による's 歳入 had 急に上がるd by 50 per cent.

The 1960s and 1970s are often 述べるd as the Golden Age of 空気／公表する travel, and, in 1965 alone, as many as a million women were interviewed for 10,000 職業s as 'sky girls' on U.S. 航空機によるs.

But that 時代 was more golden for the male 商売／仕事 travellers, who made up most of the 乗客s, than the young women 航空機によるs thrust their way as sex 反対するs.

Their image as 空輸の Playboy Bunnies was driven home by lavish, innuendo-laden adverts such as 国家の 航空機によるs' 悪名高い 'I'm Cheryl. 飛行機で行く me' and 空気／公表する フラン's 'Have you ever done it the French Way?', and by a training 政権 that wouldn't have been out of place in a 暴君's harem.

Marketed by their 雇用者s as not only 望ましい but 利用できる, stewardesses 設立する that when they weren't batting off the 前進するs of 乗客s, they were fighting to stop predatory 操縦するs 押し進めるing their way into their hotel rooms.

As a history of their 産業 明らかにする／漏らすs, 空気／公表する stewardesses ― now, of course, called flight attendants and as likely to be male as 女性（の） ― were discouraged from 説 no to 乗客s who had heard all about the Mile High Club.

Dressed to entice, stewardesses couldn't marry, have children or work beyond 32. And woe betide any who put on 負わせる ― 追加するing a few 続けざまに猛撃するs could be a 解雇（する）ing offence.

Some were 要求するd to kiss male 乗客s, the men often 新たな展開ing 一連の会議、交渉／完成する at the last second to catch the attendant on the mouth.

'It wouldn't be much of an exaggeration to say that in the 1960s the aeroplane cabin was the most sexist workplace in America,' says Nell McShane Wulfhart, whose 調書をとる／予約する The 広大な／多数の／重要な Stewardess 反乱 also 明らかにする／漏らすs how some 決定するd attendants fought for 尊敬（する）・点 and basic 雇用 利益s such as maternity leave.

And yet young women flocked to do it, buying into the flight attendants' glamour-girl image as enthusiastically as everyone else did.

航空機によるs used overtly 性の messaging in iconic adverts such as these '飛行機で行く Me' flyers

航空機によるs, selling tickets off stewardess' looks, marketed their life as alluring, adventurous and 排除的. And compared to most 選択s for women at the time, it was.

Looks 事柄d more than anything, such as the ability to を取り引きする an in-flight 緊急. Stewardesses had to be pretty and わずかな／ほっそりした. They couldn't be short, wear glasses or have gaps in their teeth.

In short, they had to look like the glamorous ギャング（団） of Pan Am stewardesses who distract wolf-whistling police and 連邦検察局 as Leonardo DiCaprio ― playing a conman who 提起する／ポーズをとるd as a 操縦する ― slips into Miami Airport behind them in the 2002 film Catch Me If You Can.

If women were selected for stewardess training ― after filling out an appl ication that 含むd questions about their 負わせる, and hip, waist and 破産した／（警察が）手入れする 測定s ― they were sent to de facto 搭乗 schools, where they slept in 寄宿舎s, took classes in 適用するing nail varnish and gluing on 偽の eyelashes, and were 重さを計るd up to twice a day. They even had to 可決する・採択する whatever hairstyle the 航空機による had 明示するd that year.

Patt Gibbs, who …に出席するd the American 航空機によるs school 愛称d the Charm Farm, 解任するs that taking a slice of bread could result in a trip to the 監督者's office to be put on the 規模s.

Under American's 支配するs, a woman standing 5 ft 5 in had to 重さを計る 9st 3 lb or いっそう少なく. The 侮辱／冷遇s didn't end with training. Attendants had to wear girdles, bras and 転換s, and their superiors ― 含むing male 監督者s and 操縦するs ― were する権利を与えるd to check everything was in place, a 過程 the stewardesses witheringly dubbed the '解放する／自由な feel'.

They also put up with the 'girdle 強くたたく', a flick of a superior's finger to her 後部 to make sure she was wearing it. They'd run their 手渡すs 負かす／撃墜する her 支援する to check for a bra.

負わせる was ferociously policed. Airports had 規模s to 重さを計る attendants often in 前線 of male 同僚s (who didn't do the same). Troublemakers, such as those who complained about working 条件s, 直面するd the 脅し of 存在 put on '負わせる check' and, if they were a couple of 続けざまに猛撃するs over, 存在 compulsory 重さを計るd 公然と before every flight.

航空機による doctors 定める／命ずるd 'diet pills' ― known as '黒人／ボイコット mollies' ― which turned out to be amphetamines liable to 誘発する paranoia. One 'trolley dolly' even had a breast-削減 to get her 負わせる 負かす／撃墜する.

They also had to be 選び出す／独身 and some 監督者s would ざっと目を通す newspaper marriage 告示s for attendants getting 結婚する on the sly. It's 概算の as many as 30 per cent of them were 内密に married, some 任命する／導入するing a 献身的な phone line for work, which their husband never answered.

Pregnancy was another sackable offence, いつかs 軍隊ing attendants to 負傷させる themselves to get time off to have secret abortions.

And all this for a starting salary of around $5,000 a year (同等（の） to 概略で $44,000 ― £35,000 ― now).

Some adverts were too lewd even for long-苦しむing flight attendants and 女性（の） staff were infuriated by leering 乗客s endlessly asking if they could '飛行機で行く' them

Stewardesses working for 南西 航空機によるs of Texas had to wear hot pants and kinky leather boots or they wouldn't be 雇うd

'What was it like for a man to get on a 計画（する） knowing every stewardess was 選び出す／独身 and, theoretically, 利用できる?' 令状s Wulfhart. For that was the 航空機によるs' 意向.

Their advertising played up the idea stewardesses were perfect wife 構成要素. An American 航空機によるs advert lightheartedly complained that 'people keep stealing our stewardesses', と一緒に a picture of a ふさわしい man dragging off an attendant, his を引き渡す her mouth.

The same advert 誇るd most of their attendants didn't last two years in the 職業 before getting married. This was, 明らかに, because 'a girl who can smile for five-and-a-half hours is hard to find. Not to について言及する a wife who can remember what 124 people want for dinner'.

Some attendants went on dates with 乗客s and some married them. Many more, however, put up with unwanted 前進するs and 星／主役にするs as they tried to do their exhausting and stressful 職業s in 小型の-skirts and high-heeled leather boots.

While The 広大な／多数の／重要な Stewardess 反乱 doesn't touch on whether attendants ever joined the Mile High Club, 航空機による adverts certainly 示唆するd it was a 可能性, 強調ing 'the nubile allure of the stewardesses and their dedication to 乗客 慰安'.

And as they competed for 顧客s, 航空機によるs encouraged 乗客s to 高く評価する／（相場などが）上がる their stewardesses, invariably the main selling point. 部隊d 誇るd about the 増加するd size of its Tristar 計画（する）s, 追加するing: 'You'll need all that room. You'll be swivelling around looking at the stewardesses.'

Some adverts were too lewd even for long-苦しむing flight attenda nts. 国家の 航空機によるs' 1971 '飛行機で行く Me' （選挙などの）運動をする, featured real attendants such as Cheryl Fioravante と一緒に the headline 'I'm Cheryl. 飛行機で行く me' and stewardesses had to wear '飛行機で行く me' badges. 女性（の） staff were infuriated by leering 乗客s endlessly asking if they could.

Some picketed the 航空機による's offices and those of the New York 機関 that created the （選挙などの）運動をする, the latter's boss その上の annoying them by giving each of them roses. But like other titillating 広告s, it was 広大な／多数の／重要な for 商売／仕事. The 機関 produced a follow-up ― again featuring Cheryl ― with the line: 'Millions of people flew me last year.' When 国家の 脅すd to run another featuring stewardesses in swimsuits and the tagline, 'I'm going to 飛行機で行く you like you've never been flown before', a 法廷，裁判所 finally agreed it was too far.

However, 奮起させるd by 国家の's success, competitors' 広告s became more salacious. 大陸の 航空機によるs created the スローガン 'We Really Move Our Tail For You'.

南西 航空機によるs' 'At last, there's somebody else up there who loves you' （選挙などの）運動をする lasted eight years and featured TV 商業のs in which, as soon as the 計画（する） took off, stewardesses stripped off their uniforms to 明らかにする／漏らす orange hot pants and served 'love potions' (cocktails) to male 乗客s. 'We Make Love 80 Times a Day,' 誇るd its posters.

It wasn't just American flyers. Finnair, for example, created a print advert featuring a topless woman with the 航空機による's 大勝する 地図／計画する on her 支援する. Attendants were portrayed as sex 反対するs in adverts for toothpaste and baby oil, too.

All this pigeonholing ― along with the arrival of erotic stewardess novels with 肩書を与えるs such as Tea, Coffee Or Me ― not only 増加するd the 'leering and 激しい-手渡すd flirting' but made flight attendants' 職業s impossible, they complained.

Nobody took them 本気で, even in an 緊急, which could have f atal consequences.

Pan Am stewardess Cindy Hounsell 解任するd 警報ing her 操縦する to an 突発／発生 of food 毒（薬）ing only to be 解任するd as a 'hysterical 幅の広い'. A dozen 救急車s were needed to take 犠牲者s off the 計画（する） and one 報道によれば died.

Sandra Jarrell, 解雇（する）d as a stewardess for putting on 負わせる, 解任するd she was 'pinched, fondled, leered at, asked out on dates and propositioned' more times than she could remember.

'The 航空機によるs gear you into 存在 a sex 反対する,' she said. 'They brainwash you into 受託するing it. You lose self-尊敬（する）・点. You become 冷笑的な. And you begin to hate people ― while you're smiling ― because you know they don't 尊敬（する）・点 you.'

Lewd 発言／述べるs from male 乗客s they'd probably never see again was one thing, but 操縦するs and other male 同僚s such as mechanics were 悪名高い for sexually 悩ますing attendants.

Every stewardess knew about the 'foot in the door', 令状s Wulfhart. 'After the 乗組員 went for dinner and drinks, returning to the hotel with your 同僚s often 含むd a 長引いた 審議 at the door to your room, the 操縦する 押し進めるing to come in and the stewardess trying to politely 拒絶する／低下する.'

Nobody took attendants 本気で, even in an 緊急, which could have 致命的な consequences. Pan Am stewardess Cindy Hounsell 解任するd 警報ing her 操縦する to an 突発／発生 of food 毒（薬）ing only to be 解任するd as a 'hysterical 幅の広い'. A dozen 救急車s were needed to take 犠牲者s off the 計画（する） and one 報道によれば died

The level of いやがらせ often depended on the outfit each stewardess had to wear. In the 1950s, stewardesses were demurely dressed in hats, skirt 控訴s and white gloves but in the 1960s, this gave way to the sex kitten look.

When Canadian 太平洋の 空気／公表する Lines 取って代わるd its 小型の-skirt uniform with a skirt that went below the 膝, hundreds of men wrote in. The 航空機による held a 顧客s' 投票, ignoring their attendants' preference, and 回復するd the old skirt.

Another Canadian 航空機による, 太平洋の Western, introduced a 'Stampeder Uniform' for attendants 飛行機で行くing the 計画（する）s that フェリー（で運ぶ）d the roughneck loggers to and from their （軍の）野営地，陣営s.

It 含むd cowboy boots and a 小型の-skirt so short that red 'bloomers' peeked out. Two women 辞退するd to wear the outfit after one was groped, only to be 解雇（する）d.

In 1968, Trans World 航空機によるs (TWA) 開始する，打ち上げるd 'Foreign Accent' flights on which attendants wore 主題d English, French and Italian uniforms made out of paper.

'Olde English' was a ruffled white blouse and short skirt, French was a gold 小型の-dress and Italian was a white, toga-style 式服. Mercifully, for the attendants, the paper outfits fell apart after a few months and the 革新 was 棚上げにするd.

Southern 航空機によるs tried to be different, 説 it would '尊敬（する）・点 femininity' by （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限ing French designer Pierre Balmain to create a 膝-length dress so stewardesses could bend over without 明らかにする／漏らすing too much. It didn't catch on with 乗客s and, three years later, the women were in hot pants, short-sleeved shirts and lace-up go-go boots.

Few people saw anything wrong. Even the usually sanctimonious New York Times ran a travel feature in 1969 招待するing readers to guess which stewardess matched which 航空機による. There were no prizes, said the paper, 'save the satisfaction that comes from keeping a sharp 注目する，もくろむ on the stewardesses on those dull 商売／仕事 trips'.

That year, the U.S. 大統領，／社長 jumped on the bandwagon when 40 空気／公表する stewardesses dressed in silver sequin 小型の-dresses welcomed guests to Richard Nixon's 就任の ball as its 公式の／役人 hostesses.

航空機によるs ひどく resisted change, arguing they had to 軍隊 stewardesses to retire at 32 because they had to be 'attractive' (even though at least six who were 軍隊d to leave their 職業s later killed themselves).

They also had to be tall, they said, or they'd 明らかにする／漏らす too much 脚 as they reached the 総計費 貯蔵所s.

But the 航空機によるs couldn't get away with it for ever. This, after all, was the 時代 of the 'Second Wave' of U.S. feminism led by the likes of Gloria Steinem and Betty Friedan who 奮起させるd stewardesses to stand up for their 権利s.

They finally got their own union in 1977. Even then, some of them resisted, defending the oppressive 負わせる and 外見 支配するs because it was a good idea to 'get the fatties out' of the 商売／仕事.

So much for travel broadening the mind.