打開 for thousands of women carrying 'Angelina Jolie' 癌 遺伝子s as scientists find a way to rev up their 免疫の system to stop them needing mastectomies

By Xantha Leatham 副 Science Editor

Published: | Updated:

A 麻薬 打開 could help women with the Angelina Jolie 癌 遺伝子 避ける 外科.

現在／一般に, women who carry a BRCA 遺伝子 突然変異 are at higher 危険 of breast and ovarian 癌.

Many 選ぶ for preventative 治療 選択s such as a mastectomy.

But new 研究 示すs that giving 麻薬s usually 治めるd in the late 行う／開催する／段階s of breast 癌 to healthy people carrying the 突然変異するd BRCA 遺伝子s could 妨げる them from developing the 病気.

In 2013, Hollywood actress Angelina Jolie revealed she had made the decision to undergo a double mastectomy after testing positive for mutations in the BRCA1 gene

In 2013, Hollywood actress Angelina Jolie 明らかにする／漏らすd she had made the 決定／判定勝ち（する） to を受ける a 二塁打 mastectomy after 実験（する）ing 肯定的な for 突然変異s in the BRCA1 遺伝子

University of Cambridge?academics discovered 免疫の 独房s in the breast tissue of healthy women carrying 欠陥のある BRCA1 or BRCA2 遺伝子s showed 調印するs of 'exhaustion'.

This 機能不全?? usually 設立する in late-行う／開催する／段階 tumours?? 示唆するs the 免疫の 独房s cannot （疑いを）晴らす 損失d 独房s, which 結局 lead to 癌.

上級の author Professor Walid Khaled said immunotherapy 麻薬s which 打ち勝つ this 封鎖する in 機能（する）／行事 already 存在する.

He said: 'We're very excited about this 発見 because it opens up 可能性のある for a preventative 治療 other than 外科 for 運送／保菌者s of BRCA breast 癌 遺伝子 突然変異s.

'麻薬s already 存在する that can 打ち勝つ this 封鎖する in 免疫の 独房 機能（する）／行事 but so far they've only been 認可するd for late-行う／開催する／段階 病気.'

Immunotherapy helps the 免疫の system recognise and fight 癌. It can be 治めるd on its own or と一緒に other 治療s.

'No-one has really considered using them in a preventative way before,' Professor Khaled 追加するd.

'However, these 麻薬s do have serious 味方する 影響s and we are working now on 実験（する）ing these in pre-臨床の models to 決定する a 安全な 投薬量 before moving to human 熟考する／考慮するs.'

About one in every 400 people carry the 欠陥のある BRCA 遺伝子s.

によれば the?NHS out of 100 women with a BRCA1 遺伝子 突然変異, between 65 and 85 will develop breast 癌 in their lifetime. Between 40 and 63 will develop ovarian 癌.

Out of 100 women with the BRCA2 突然変異, between 40 and 85 will develop breast 癌 at some point in their life.

In some 事例／患者s, 患者s with the 欠陥のある 遺伝子s may be 申し込む／申し出d 危険-減ずるing 外科, which 除去するs tissue such as breasts or ovaries, that could become cancerous.

In 2013, Hollywood actress Angelina Jolie 明らかにする／漏らすd she had made the 決定／判定勝ち（する） to を受ける a 二塁打 mastectomy after 実験（する）ing 肯定的な for 突然変異s in the BRCA1 遺伝子.

癌 研究 UK has 認めるd the Cambridge team a Biology to 予防 Award to 実験（する） the method in mice and will closely 監視する 味方する 影響s and 投薬量.

After this, a 操縦する 臨床の 裁判，公判 could be carried out in women with BRCA 遺伝子 突然変異s.

Professor Khaled 追加するd: 'The best way to 妨げる breast 癌 is to really understand how it develops in the first place. Then we can identify these 早期に changes and 介入する.

'Late-行う／開催する／段階 breast 癌 tends to be very 予測できない and hard to manage.?

'As we make better and better 麻薬s, the tumours just seem to find a way around it.'

Dr Simon Vincent, director of 研究, support and 影響（力）ing at Breast 癌 Now, said: 'The best 武器 we could have against breast 癌 is the ability to stop it occurring in the first place.

'This 研究, which used tissue 見本s from Breast 癌 Now's Tissue B ank, 示唆するs that we could 妨げる some women with altered 遺伝子s from developing the 病気 by using 麻薬s 現在／一般に 認可するd for 治療 in the late 行う／開催する／段階s of breast 癌.

'While その上の 研究 is needed and 臨床の 裁判，公判s in humans are yet to take place, these findings could be a 重要な step 今後 in our care and 治療 of people whose 遺伝子s mean they have an 増加するd 危険 of developing breast 癌.'

The 発見 was published in the 定期刊行物 Nature Genetics.

Breast 癌 is one of the most ありふれた 癌s in the world and 影響する／感情s more than two MILLION women a year

Breast 癌 is one of the most ありふれた 癌s in the world. Each year in the UK there are more than 55,000 new 事例／患者s, and the 病気 （人命などを）奪う，主張するs the lives of 11,500 women. In the US, it strikes 266,000 each year and kills 40,000.?But what 原因（となる）s it and how can it be 扱う／治療するd?

What is breast 癌?

It comes from a cancerous 独房 which develops in the lining of a 導管 or lobule in one of the breasts.

When the breast 癌 has spread into surrounding tissue it is called 'invasive'. Some people are 診断するd with 'carcinoma in situ', where no 癌 独房s have grown beyond the 導管 or lobule.

Most 事例／患者s develop in those over the age of 50 but younger women are いつかs 影響する／感情d. Breast 癌 can develop in men, though this is rare.

行う／開催する／段階ing 示すs how big the 癌 is and whether it has spread. 行う／開催する／段階 1 is the earliest 行う／開催する／段階 and 行う／開催する／段階 4 means the 癌 has spread to another part of the 団体／死体.

The cancerous 独房s are graded from low, which means a slow growth, to high, which is 急速な／放蕩な-growing.?High-grade 癌s are more likely to come 支援する after they have first been 扱う／治療するd.

What 原因（となる）s breast 癌?

A cancerous tumour starts from one 異常な 独房. The exact 推論する／理由 why a 独房 becomes cancerous is 不明瞭な. It is thought that something 損害賠償金 or alters 確かな 遺伝子s in the 独房. This makes the 独房 異常な and multiply 'out of 支配（する）／統制する'.

Although breast 癌 can develop for no 明らかな 推論する／理由, there are some 危険 factors that can 増加する the chance, such as genetics.

What are the symptoms of breast 癌?

The usual first symptom is a painless lump in the breast, although most are not cancerous and are fluid filled cysts, which are benign.?

The first place that breast 癌 usually spreads to is the lymph nodes in the armpit. If this occurs you will develop a swelling or lump in an armpit.

How is breast 癌 診断するd?

  • 初期の 査定／評価: A doctor 診察するs the breasts and armpits. They may do 実験（する）s such as a mammography, a special x-ray of the breast tissue which can 示す the 可能性 of tumours.
  • 生体検査: A 生体検査 is when a small 見本 of tissue is 除去するd from a part of the 団体／死体. The 見本 is then 診察するd under a microscope to look for 異常な 独房s. The 見本 can 確認する or 支配する out 癌.

If you are 確認するd to have breast 癌, その上の 実験（する）s may be needed to 査定する／（税金などを）課す if it has spread. For example, 血 実験（する）s, an ultrasound ざっと目を通す of the 肝臓 or a chest X-ray.

How is breast 癌 扱う／治療するd?

治療 選択s which may be considered 含む 外科, chemotherapy, 放射線療法 and hormone 治療. Often a combination of two or more of these 治療s are used.

  • 外科: Breast-保存するing 外科 or the 除去 of the 影響する／感情d breast depending on the size of the tumour.
  • 放射線療法: A 治療 which uses high energy beams of 放射（能） 焦点（を合わせる）d on cancerous tissue. This kills 癌 独房s, or stops them from multiplying. It is おもに used in 新規加入 to 外科.
  • Chemotherapy: A 治療 of 癌 by using anti-癌 麻薬s which kill 癌 独房s, or stop them from multiplying.
  • Hormone 治療s: Some types of breast 癌 are 影響する／感情d by the '女性（の）' hormone oestrogen, which can 刺激する the 癌 独房s to divide and multiply. 治療s which 減ずる the level of these hormones, or 妨げる them from working, are 一般的に used in people with breast 癌.

How successful is 治療?

The 見通し is best in those who are 診断するd when the 癌 is still small, and has not spread. Surgical 除去 of a tumour in an 早期に 行う／開催する／段階 may then give a good chance of cure.

The 決まりきった仕事 mammography 申し込む／申し出d to women between the ages of 50 and 70 means more breast 癌s are 存在 診断するd and 扱う／治療するd at an 早期に 行う／開催する／段階.

For more （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） visit breastcancernow.org or call its 解放する／自由な helpline on 0808 800 6000

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