Ghana を締めるs as Sahel war 流出／こぼすs into 湾 of Guinea

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Burkinabe 難民s gather under a tree at a 解決／入植地 in Bawku, northern Ghana, where they fled after their hamlet was attacked across the 国境

Standing 近づく the 乾燥した，日照りのd river bed that 示すs Ghana´s northern 国境, Alima can see her hamlet, lying in Burkina Faso いっそう少なく than two kilometres (1.2 miles) away.

Even though her home is just a short walk away, she says she will never go 支援する there to live.

One night last year, jihadist gunmen arrived in the 解決／入植地 and killed two watchmen.

Alima and her sons hid with other women and children, while the men fled 簡潔に across the river into Ghana. The next day families packed up and crossed the 国境.

Their arrival 増強するd what Ghana´s 政府 already knew: Ghana along with 湾 of Guinea 隣人s Benin, Togo and Ivory Coast was 急速な／放蕩な becoming the new frontline in the Sahel jihadist war 荒廃させるing their northern 隣人.

Ghana's Bawku area 株 a 国境 with Burkina Faso, where 貿易（する） is in 農業 and livestock

"We are staying here for now," Alima said, looking over the 国境. "There is no 安全 over there."

Togo, Benin and Ivory Coast have already been struck by gunmen from across their northern 国境s -- most recently in Benin, whose 政府 has 報告（する）／憶測d more 20 武装した 急襲s since 2021. Togo has 苦しむd at least five attacks in that time, though not all were 確認するd by jihadists.

So far Ghana has escaped a direct attack, but it is already 取り組むing the 経済的な and social fallout from the 衝突 to its north.

Like its 隣人s, Ghana struggles with porous 国境s, a 女性 明言する／公表する presence in the north, chronic 密輸するing and intercommunal 緊張s that can be a 産む／飼育するing ground for jihadism, say 地元の leaders, 公式の／役人s and 専門家s.

Ghana´s 政府 注意するd the 脅し 早期に, 専門家s and 公式の／役人s say, 選ぶing for a 包括的な 戦略 of beefed-up 軍の presence and community outreach to 緩和する 緊張s and support 地元の popul ations.

湾 of Guinea under jihadist 脅し

A French 軍隊／機動隊 撤退 from Mali in the 直面する of 開始するing 敵意 and 論争s with the 判決，裁定 革命評議会 has refocussed Western partners to 援助（する） 湾 of Guinea nations 戦う／戦い the war's southward spillover.

British, US and French 公式の／役人s met with 湾 of Guinea 政府s in Accra in November to discuss 増加するd 協調, but with an 注目する，もくろむ on 避けるing past 多国籍の mistakes.

大統領 Nana Akufo-Addo has 押し進めるd for "home-grown" 地元の 協調 with 隣人ing countries though the Accra 率先 on 共同の 軍の 操作／手術s and 知能 株ing.

But 公式の／役人s and 地元の 居住（者）s in north Ghana 認める the growing 脅し from 交戦的な groups operating just a few kilometres away.

"The 脅し is real, we are very の近くに to the 国境," Stephen Yakubu, Ghana's Upper East 地域の 大臣, a 大統領の 任命された人, told AFP.

- Burkina 燃やすing -

The Sahel 暴動 spread from Mali in 2012 to 隣人ing Niger and Burkina Faso in 2015. Two million people have been 追い出すd and thousands killed in Burkina Faso alone.

Some 難民s are staying in small 解決／入植地s along the 国境 not far from the homes they fled

安全 in Burkina has 悪化するd 速く in 最近の months, 含むing more attacks に向かって eastern 地域s, which 株 国境s with Togo, Benin and Ghana.

Ghana´s 国家の 安全 大臣 Albert Kan Dappah told a 首脳会議 in December the spread was 推定する／予想するd.

軍の 操作／手術s in the Sahel had 誘発するd the Al-Qaeda-linked Support Group for Islam and イスラム教徒s (GSIM) and Islamic 明言する／公表する in the Greater Sahara (ISGS) to 転換 south.

In northern Ghana's 国境 area of Bawku, 居住（者）s are fearful. With 平易な 接近 to Burkina, Mali, Togo and Niger nearby, they say their frontier is exposed.

Bawku is a 貿易（する）ing 中心 for 農業の produce and livestock with Burkinabe towns like Bittou, just a 45-minute 運動 away and the 場所／位置 of a December attack which killed six people.

伝統的な 支配者 Bawku Naba Asigri Abugrago Azoka II (C) says his community is in touch with 長，指導者s over the 国境 to 株 知能

暴力／激しさ has already curtailed cross-国境 商業, said Bawku 地方自治体の 長，指導者 Amadu Hamza.

"Only a few 危険 their lives to go," he told AFP.

地域の 大臣 Yakubu said the army is 設立するing small, 今後 bases along the 国境 and the 移民／移住 service was 上げるing its frontier presence.

Ghanaian 当局 last year 逮捕（する）d two 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うd jihadists 避難所ing in Ghana after 存在 負傷させるd over the 国境. One was 逮捕（する）d at a hotel and the other in a hospital.

"We are working with Burkina and 株ing （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状）," he said. "They were 傷つける. Operating there, they were 攻撃する，衝突する and fled and （機の）カム here."

Why has Ghana so far escaped attack?

One answer may be its 早期に 返答, more 包括的な approach and the 現在の locatio n of jihadist groups closer to Benin for now, said Saurea Stancioff from Promediation, a group 伴う／関わるd in 衝突 介入.

財政／金融ing may also be a factor. Ghana 公式の／役人s worry jihadists may be （電話線からの）盗聴 into the country's large informal gold 採掘 部門.

In a 報告（する）／憶測 last year, German think 戦車／タンク Konrad Adenauer 創立／基礎 and Promediation 概算の around 200 Ghanaians had been 新採用するd by jihadists over the 国境, though it was 不明瞭な how many may have returned.

"Ghana seems to be a 残り／休憩（する） area and arguably the groups want to keep it that way, at least for now," Stancioff said.

"It is also a big trafficking area -- maybe they don´t want to jeopardise that."

- 内部の 衝突 -

にもかかわらず 避けるing an attack so far, Ghana's northern 地域 of Bawku also has its own 内部の 論争 some 恐れる will distract from 国境 安全.

激しい police and 軍の presence around the town attest to 緊張s between 民族の Kusasi and Mamprusi over the 権利 to chose a new chieftain.

安全 is already tight in Bawku b ecause of 現在進行中の intercommunal 緊張s

Speaking to AFP from his palace, 伝統的な 支配者 Bawku Naba Asigri Abugrago Azoka II said the 地元の 論争 is ありそうもない to 利益 jihadists trying to 伸び（る） てこ入れ／借入資本.

He said he had not heard of young men from his 裁判権 joining jihadists. But he said his community was in 接触する with 長，指導者s across the 国境 to 株 知能.

"If 解雇する／砲火／射撃 is 燃やすing someone の近くに to your 耐えるd, you should dose your own 耐えるd with water because you never know when it will reach you," he said using a 地元の 説.

Nearby a major 国境 地位，任命する and 主要道路 from Bawku into Burkina is ひどく guarded with 軍隊／機動隊s and 移民／移住 公式の／役人s as トラックで運ぶs 長，率いる north.

居住（者）s cross the 乾燥した，日照りの river bed that separates Ghana from Burkina and work on farms on the other 味方する of the frontier

But in more 田舎の areas along the more open 国境, Burkinabe 追い出すd families easily cross the 乾燥した，日照りの river bed on foot 支援する into Burkina to tend their farms during the day. Their children still go to school there. But before night everyone returns to Ghana.

Burkinabe community leader Dauda Wahabu said the village was once 平和的な. Only when they 武装した two watchmen did they come under attack.

"We hear they are 殺人，大当り people still," he said. "We don´t know what will happen next so we will stay."

地元の Ghana community leader Abdullah Zakaria said the Ghanaian army is nearby and 地元のs are 絶えず in touch if they see anyone 怪しげな. But worry grows in 国境 解決／入植地s.

"We are fearful they are going to come over here," he said. "This is going to get worst. This is not going to stop."

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