How AI-力／強力にするd tech landed man in 刑務所，拘置所 with scant 証拠

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CHICAGO (AP) - Michael Williams´ wife pleaded with him to remember their fishing trips with the grandchildren, how he used to braid her hair, anything to jar him 支援する to his world outside the 固める／コンクリート 塀で囲むs of Cook 郡 刑務所，拘置所.

His three daily calls to her had become a lifeline, but when they dwindled to two, then one, then only a few a week, the 65-year-old Williams felt he couldn´t go on. He made 計画（する）s to take his life with a stash of pills he had 備蓄（する）d in his 寄宿舎.

Williams was 刑務所，拘置所d last August, （刑事）被告 of 殺人，大当り a young man from the 近隣 who asked him for a ride during a night of 不安 over police brutality in May. But the 重要な 証拠 against Williams didn´t come from an 目撃者 or an informant; it （機の）カム from a clip of noiseless 安全 ビデオ showing a car 運動ing through an 交差点, and a loud bang 選ぶd up by a 網状組織 of 監視 microphones. 検察官，検事s said 科学（工学）技術 力／強力にするd by a secret algorithm that 分析するd noises （悪事，秘密などを）発見するd by the sensors 示すd Williams 発射 and killed the man.

"I kept trying to 人物／姿／数字 out, how can they get away with using the 科学（工学）技術 like that against me?" said Williams, speaking 公然と for the first time about his ordeal. "That´s not fair."

Williams sat behind 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s for nearly a year before a 裁判官 解任するd the 事例／患者 against him last month at the request of 検察官，検事s, who said they had insufficient 証拠.

Williams´ experience 最高潮の場面s the real-world 衝撃s of society´s growing 依存 on algorithms to help make consequential 決定／判定勝ち（する）s about many 面s of public life. Nowhere is this more 明らかな than in 法律 施行, which has turned to 科学（工学）技術 companies like 射撃 （犯罪，病気などの）発見 会社／堅い ShotSpotter to 戦う／戦い 罪，犯罪. ShotSpotter 証拠 has ますます been 認める in 法廷，裁判所 事例／患者s around the country, now totaling some 200. ShotSpotter´s website says it´s "a leader in precision policing 科学（工学）技術 解答s" that helps stop gun vio lence by using "sensors, algorithms and 人工的な 知能" to 分類する 14 million sounds in its proprietary database as 射撃s or something else.

But an Associated 圧力（をかける） 調査, based on a review of thousands of 内部の 文書s, emails, 贈呈s and confidential 契約s, along with interviews with dozens of public defenders in communities where ShotSpotter has been （軍隊を）展開する，配備するd, has identified a number of serious 欠陥s in using ShotSpotter as evidentiary support for 検察官，検事s.

AP´s 調査 設立する the system can 行方不明になる live 砲火 権利 under its microphones, or misclassify the sounds of 花火s or cars backfiring as 射撃s. 法廷の 報告（する）／憶測s 用意が出来ている by ShotSpotter´s 従業員s have been used in 法廷，裁判所 to improperly （人命などを）奪う，主張する that a 被告 発射 at police, or 供給する 疑わしい counts of the number of 発射s 恐らく 解雇する／砲火／射撃d by 被告s. 裁判官s in a number of 事例／患者s have thrown out the 証拠.

ShotSpotter´s proprietary algorithms are the company´s 最初の／主要な selling point, and it frequently touts the 科学（工学）技術 in marketing 構成要素s as 事実上 foolproof. But the company guards how its の近くにd system 作品 as a 貿易（する） secret, a 黒人／ボイコット box 大部分は inscrutable to the public, 賠審員s and police oversight boards.

The company´s methods for identifying 射撃s aren´t always guided 単独で by the 科学（工学）技術. ShotSpotter 従業員s can, and often do, change the source of sounds 選ぶd up by its sensors after listening to 音声部の recordings, introducing the 可能性 of human bias into the 射撃 （犯罪，病気などの）発見 algorithm. 従業員s can and do 修正する the 場所 or number of 発射s 解雇する／砲火／射撃d at the request of police, によれば 法廷，裁判所 記録，記録的な／記録するs. And in the past, city dispatchers or police themselves could also make some of these changes.

まっただ中に a 全国的な 審議 over racial bias in policing, privacy and civil 権利s 支持するs say ShotSpotter´s system and other algorithm-based 科学（工学）技術s used to 始める，決める everything from 刑務所，拘置所 宣告，判決s to 保護監察 支配するs 欠如（する） transparen cy and oversight and show why the 犯罪の 司法（官） system shouldn´t outsource some of society´s weightiest 決定／判定勝ち（する）s to computer code.

When 圧力（をかける）d about 可能性のある errors from the company´s algorithm, ShotSpotter CEO Ralph Clark 拒絶する／低下するd to discuss 明確な／細部s about their use of 人工的な 知能, 説 it´s "not really 関連した."

"The point is anything that 最終的に gets produced as a 射撃 has to have 注目する，もくろむs and ears on it," said Clark in an interview. "Human 注目する，もくろむs and ears, 承認する?"

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This story, supported by the Pulitzer 中心 for 危機 報告（する）／憶測ing, is part of an 現在進行中の Associated 圧力（をかける） series, "跡をつけるd," that 調査／捜査するs the 力／強力にする and consequences of 決定／判定勝ち（する）s driven by algorithms on people´s everyday lives.

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A GAME CHANGER

Police 長，指導者s call ShotSpotter a game-changer. The 科学（工学）技術, which has been 任命する／導入するd in about 110 American cities, large and small, can cost up to $95,000 per square mile per year. The system is usually placed at the request of 地元の 公式の／役人s in 近隣s みなすd to be the highest 危険 for gun 暴力／激しさ, which are often 不均衡な 黒人／ボイコット and Latino communities. 法律 施行 公式の／役人s say it helps get officers to 罪，犯罪 scenes quicker and helps cash-strapped public safety 機関s better （軍隊を）展開する，配備する their 資源s.

"ShotSpotter has turned into one of the most important cogs in our wheel of 演説（する）／住所ing gun 暴力／激しさ," said Toledo, Ohio Police 長，指導者 George Kral during a 2019 International 協会 of 長，指導者s of Police 会議／協議会 in Chicago.

研究員s who took a look at ShotSpotter´s 衝撃s in communities where it is used （機の）カム to a different 結論. One 熟考する／考慮する published in April in the peer-reviewed 定期刊行物 of 都市の Health 診察するd ShotSpotter in 68 large, 主要都市の 郡s from 1999 to 2016, the largest review to date. It 設立する that the 科学（工学）技術 didn´t 減ずる gun 暴力／激しさ or 増加する community safety.

"The 証拠 that we´ve produced 示唆するs that the 科学（工学）技術 does not 減ずる f irearm 暴力／激しさ in the long-称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語, and the 実施 of the 科学（工学）技術 does not lead to 増加するd 殺人 or 武器s 関係のある 逮捕（する）s," said lead author Mitch Doucette.

ShotSpotter 任命する／導入するs its acoustic sensors on buildings, telephone 政治家s and street lights. 従業員s in a dark, 制限するd-接近 room 熟考する／考慮する hundreds of thousands of 砲火 警報s on 多重の computer 審査するs at the company´s （警察，軍隊などの）本部 about 35 miles (56 キロメーターs) south of San Francisco or a newer office in Washington.

法廷の 道具s such as デオキシリボ核酸 and 弾道学のs 証拠 used by 検察官，検事s have had their methodologies 診察するd in painstaking 詳細（に述べる） for １０年間s, but ShotSpotter （人命などを）奪う，主張するs its ソフトウェア is proprietary, and won´t 解放（する） its algorithm. The company´s privacy 政策 says sensor 場所s aren´t divulged to police departments, although community members can see them on their street lamps. The company has 保護物，者d 内部の data and 記録，記録的な／記録するs 明らかにする／漏らすing the system´s inner workings, leaving 弁護 弁護士／代理人／検事s no way of interrogating the 科学（工学）技術 to understand the 明確な／細部s of how it 作品.

"We have a 憲法の 権利 to 直面する all 証言，証人／目撃するs and 証拠 against us, but in this 事例／患者 the ShotSpotter system is the accuser, and there is no way to 決定する if it´s 正確な, 監視するd, calibrated or if someone´s 追加するd something," said Katie Higgins, a 弁護 弁護士／代理人／検事 who has 首尾よく fought ShotSpotter 証拠. "The most serious consequence is 存在 罪人／有罪を宣告するd of a 罪，犯罪 you didn´t commit using this as 証拠."

The Silicon Valley startup 開始する，打ち上げるd 25 years ago 支援するd by 投機・賭ける 資本主義者 Gary Lauder, 相続人 to Est?e Lauder´s 構成 fortune. Today, the 億万長者 remains the company´s largest 投資家.

ShotSpotter´s profile has grown in 最近の years.

The U.S. 政府 has spent more than $6.9 million on 射撃 （犯罪，病気などの）発見 systems, 含むing ShotSpotter, in discretionary 認めるs and （ーのために）とっておくd 基金s, the 司法（官） Department said in 返答 to questions from AP. 明言する／公表するs and 地元の gove rnments have spent millions more, from a separate pool of 連邦の 税金 dollars, to 購入（する） the system.

The company´s 株 price has more than 二塁打d since it went public in 2017 and it 地位，任命するd 歳入 of nearly $30 million in the first half of 2021. It´s hardly ubiquitous, however. ShotSpotter´s website 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）s 119 communities in the U.S., the Caribbean and South Africa where it operates. The company says it has （軍隊を）展開する，配備するd 18,000 sensors covering 810 square miles (2,100 square キロメーターs).

In 2018, it acquired a predictive policing company called HunchLab, which 統合するs its AI models with ShotSpotter´s 射撃 （犯罪，病気などの）発見 data to purportedly 予報する 罪，犯罪 before it happens.

That system can "予測（する） when and where 罪，犯罪s are likely to 現れる and recommends 明確な／細部 patrols and 策略 that can 阻止する these events," によれば the company´s 2020 年次の 報告（する）／憶測 とじ込み／提出するd with the 安全s and 交流 （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限. The company said it 計画（する）s to 拡大する in Latin America and other 地域s of the world. It recently 任命するd Roberta Jacobson, the former U.S. 外交官／大使 to Mexico, to its board.

Late last year, a Trump 行政 （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 on 法律 施行 勧めるd 増加するd 基金ing for systems like ShotSpotter to "戦闘 firearm 罪，犯罪 and 暴力／激しさ."

And まっただ中に rising 殺人s, this spring, the Biden 行政 指名するd David Chipman, a former ShotSpotter (n)役員／(a)執行力のある, to 長，率いる the Bureau of Alcohol, タバコ, 小火器 and 爆発性のs.

In June, 大統領 Joe Biden encouraged 市長s to use American 救助（する） 計画（する） 基金s - 目的（とする）d at スピード違反 up the U.S. pandemic 回復 - to buy 射撃 （犯罪，病気などの）発見 systems, "to better see and stop gun 暴力／激しさ in their communities."

`SOMETHING IN ME HAD JUST DIED´

On a balmy Sunday evening in May 2020, Williams and his wife Jacqueline Anderson settled in at their apartment building on Chicago´s South 味方する. They fed their Rottweiler Lily and German shepherd Shibey. Anderson fell asleep. Williams said he left the house to buy cigarettes at a gas 駅／配置する.

略奪者s had beaten him to it. Six days before in Minneapolis, George Floyd had been killed by police Officer Derek Chauvin. Four hundred miles away (640 キロメーターs), in Williams´ 近隣, 乱暴／暴力を加える boiled over. Shops were torn up, 蓄える／店 windows broken, 解雇する／砲火／射撃s 燃やすd.

Williams 設立する the gas 駅／配置する destroyed, so he said he made a U-turn to 長，率いる home on South Stony Island Avenue. Before he reached East 63rd Street, Williams said Safarian Herring, a 25-year-old he said he had seen around the 近隣, waved him 負かす／撃墜する for a ride.

"I didn´t feel 脅すd or anything because I´ve seen him before, around. So, I said yes. And he got in the 前線 seat, and we took off," Williams said.

によれば 文書s AP 得るd through an open 記録，記録的な／記録するs request, Williams told police that as he approached an 交差点 another 乗り物 pulled up beside his car. A man in the 前線 乗客 seat 解雇する／砲火／射撃d a 発射. The 弾丸 行方不明になるd Williams, but 攻撃する，衝突する his 乗客.

"It shocked me so 不正に, the only thing I can do was 低迷 負かす／撃墜する in my car," he said. As Herring bled all over the seat from 負傷させるs to the 味方する of his 長，率いる, Williams ran a red light to escape.

"I was hollering to my 乗客 `Are you ok?´" said Williams. "He didn´t 答える／応じる."

Williams drove his 乗客 to St. Bernard Hospital, where 医療の 労働者s 急ぐd Herring into the 緊急 room and doctors fought to save his life.

Two weeks before 存在 選ぶd up by Williams, Samona Nicholson, Herring´s mother, said the aspiring chef had 生き残るd a 狙撃 at a bus stop. Nicholson, who called her son `Pook,´ arranged for him to stay with a 親族 where she thought he´d be 安全な.

Doctors pronounced Herring dead on June 2, 2020, at 2:53 p.m.

For days after the 狙撃 Williams´ wife said he curled up on his bed, having flashbacks and praying for his 乗客.

Three months after Herring´s death, the police showed up. Williams 解任するs officers told him they 手配中の，お尋ね者 to take him to the 駅／配置する to talk and 保証するd him he did nothing wrong.

He had a 犯罪の history and spent three different stints behind 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s, for 殺人未遂, 強盗 and 発射する／解雇するing a firearm, 記録，記録的な／記録するs show.

That was all when he was a younger man. Williams said he had moved on with life, 避けるing 合法的な trouble since his last 解放（する） more than 15 years ago and working 非常に／多数の 職業s.

At the police 駅／配置する, 探偵，刑事s interrogated him about the night Herring was 発射, then took him to a 持つ／拘留するing 独房.

"They just said that they were 非難する me with first-degree 殺人," Williams said. "When he told me that, it was just like something in me had just died."

"IT´S NOT PERFECT"

On the night Williams stepped out for cigarettes, ShotSpotter sensors triangulated a loud noise the system 最初 割り当てるd to 5700 S. Lake Shore Dr. 近づく Chicago´s historic Museum of Science and 産業 と一緒に Lake Michigan, によれば an 警報 the company sent to police.

That 構成要素 錨，総合司会者d the 検察官，検事´s theory that Williams 発射 Herring inside his car, even though the 事例／患者 補足の 報告（する）／憶測 from police did not 特記する／引用する a 動機, nor did it について言及する any 目撃者s. There was no gun 設立する at the scene of the 罪，犯罪.

検察官，検事s also leaned on a 監視 ビデオ 見解（をとる）d by AP showing that Williams´ car ran a red light, as did another car that appeared to have its windows up. This 詳細（に述べる） 支配するd out the 可能性 that the 発射 （機の）カム from the other car´s 乗客 window, they said.

Chicago police did not 答える／応じる to AP´s request for comment. The Cook 郡 明言する／公表する´s 弁護士／代理人／検事´s Office said in a 声明 that after careful review 検察官，検事s "結論するd that the totality of the 証拠 was insufficient to 会合，会う our 重荷（を負わせる） of proof," but did not answer 明確な／細部 questions about the 事例／患者.

As ShotSpotter´s 射撃 （犯罪，病気などの）発見 systems 拡大する around the country, so has its use as 法廷の 証拠 in the courtroom - some 200 times in 20 明言する／公表するs since 2010, with 91 of those 事例／患者s in the past three years, the company said.

"Our data 収集するd with our 専門家 分析 help 検察官，検事s make 有罪の判決s," said a 最近の ShotSpotter 圧力（をかける） 解放（する）. Even during the pandemic, ShotSpotter 参加するd in 18 法廷，裁判所 事例／患者s, some over Zoom, によれば a 最近の company 贈呈 to 投資家s.

But even as its use has 拡大するd in 法廷，裁判所, ShotSpotter´s 科学（工学）技術 has drawn scrutiny.

For one, the algorithm that 分析するs sounds to distinguish 射撃s from other noises has never been peer reviewed by outside academics or 専門家s.

"The 関心 about ShotSpotter 存在 used as direct 証拠 is that there are 簡単に no 熟考する／考慮するs out there to 設立する the 有効性，効力 or the reliability of the 科学（工学）技術. Nothing," said Tania 簡潔な／要約する, a staff 弁護士／代理人／検事 at The Innocence 事業／計画（する）, a nonprofit that 捜し出すs to 逆転する wrongful 有罪の判決s.

A 2011 熟考する／考慮する （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限d by the company 設立する that dumpsters, トラックで運ぶs, motorcycles, ヘリコプターs, 花火s, construction, trash 好転 and church bells have all 誘発する／引き起こすd 誤った 肯定的な 警報s, mistaking these sounds for 射撃s. Clark said the company is 絶えず 改善するing its 音声部の 分類s, but the system still スピードを出す／記録につけるs a small 百分率 of 誤った 肯定的なs.

In the past, these 誤った 警報s - and 欠如（する） of 警報s - have 誘発するd cities from Charlotte, North Carolina, to San Antonio, Texas, to end their ShotSpotter 契約s, the AP 設立する.

In 落ちる River, Massachusetts, police said ShotSpotter worked いっそう少なく than 50% of the time and 行方不明になるd all seven 発射s in a downtown 殺人 in 2018. The results didn´t 改善する over time, and later that year ShotSpotter turned off its system.

The public school 地区 in Fresno, California, ended its ShotSpotter 契約 last year, after 支払う／賃金ing $1.25 million over four years and finding it too 高くつく／犠牲の大きい. Also, parents and board members were 関心d that 地区 基金s meant to help high-needs students were used to 支払う／賃金 for ShotSpotter, said school board trustee Genoveva Islas.

"We were at the point where George Floyd had been 殺人d and there was a lot of 押し進める around 人種差別主義 and 差別 in the 地区. There was this 開始するing 尋問 about that 投資 in particular," Islas said.

Some 法廷，裁判所s, too, have been いっそう少なく than impressed with the ShotSpotter system. In 2014, a 裁判官 in Richmond, California, didn´t 許す ShotSpotter 証拠 to be used during a ギャング（団） 殺人 共謀 事例／患者, although the （刑事）被告 man, Todd Gillard, was still 罪人／有罪を宣告するd of 存在 伴う／関わるd in a 運動-by 狙撃.

"The 専門家 証言 that a gun was 解雇する／砲火／射撃d at a particular 場所 at a given time, based on the ShotSpotter 科学（工学）技術, is not presently admissible in 法廷，裁判所, because it has not, at this point, reached general 受託 in the 関連した 科学の community," 支配するd Contra Costa Superior 法廷，裁判所 裁判官 John Kennedy. ShotSpotter later 供給するd AP with 付加 法廷，裁判所 記録，記録的な／記録するs showing that three years later, Kennedy 再考するd admissibility of the ShotSpotter 証拠, and 設立する that it could be 認める.

In a Chicago 事例／患者, 検察官，検事s had 監視 ビデオs of ギャング（団） member Ernesto Godinez in a 近隣 where an ATF スパイ／執行官 was 発射 after dark - but 非，不，無 showing him 現実に 狙撃 a gun. At a 2019 裁判，公判, they entered ShotSpotter data to show 射撃s 起こる／始まるd from the 場所 where ビデオ 証拠 示すd Godinez was when 発射s rang out. This month, a 連邦の 控訴，上告s 法廷，裁判所 支配するd that a 裁判，公判 裁判官 erred by not vetting the reliability of ShotSpotter data before letting 賠審員s hear it. Nonetheless, the 分裂（する） three-裁判官 パネル盤 結論するd that other 証拠 検察官，検事s 現在のd was enough to 支持する Godinez´s 有罪の判決.

ShotSpotter says it´s 絶えず 罰金-tuning its machine learning model to 認める what is and isn´t a 射撃 sound by getting 探偵，刑事s and 捜査官／調査官s to 追加する 罪，犯罪 scene 観察s to its system. As a part of that 過程, which they call "ground truth," ShotSpotter asks patrol officers to 追加する and notate 爆撃する casings, 弾丸 穴を開けるs, gather wit ness 証言 and other "証拠 of 砲火" using its ソフトウェア.

"We have the 適切な時期 to make the machine 分類 better and better and better because we get real-world feedback 宙返り飛行s from humans," Clark said.

Several 専門家s 警告するd that training an algorithm based on a 始める，決める of 観察s submitted by police 危険s 汚染するing the model if harried officers - perhaps inadvertently - 料金d it incomplete or incorrect data.

"I´m 肉親，親類d of aghast," said Clare Garvie, a 上級の associate with the 中心 on Privacy & 科学（工学）技術 at Georgetown 法律. "You are building an inherent 不確定 into that system, and you are telling that system it´s 罰金. You are 汚染するing the reliability of your system."

ShotSpotter said the more data it receives from police, the more 正確な its model becomes. The company says their system is 正確な 97% of the time.

"In the small number of 事例／患者s where ShotSpotter is incorrect, 供給するing feedback to the algorithm can 改善する 正確," the company said.

Beyond the ShotSpotter algorithm, other questions have been raised about how the company operates.

法廷，裁判所 記録，記録的な／記録するs show that in some 事例／患者s, 従業員s have changed sounds （悪事，秘密などを）発見するd by the system to say that they are 射撃s.

During 2016 証言 in a Rochester, New York, officer-伴う／関わるd 狙撃 裁判，公判, ShotSpotter´s engineer Paul Greene was 圧力（をかける）d to explain why one of its 従業員s reclassified sounds from a ヘリコプター to a 弾丸. The 推論する／理由? He said its 顧客, in this 事例／患者 the Rochester Police Department, told them to.

The 検察官，検事 in that 事例／患者 replied: "Is that something that occurs in the 正規の／正選手 course of 商売／仕事 at ShotSpotter?"

"Yes, it is. It happens all the time," said Greene. "Typically, you know, we 信用 our 法律 施行 顧客s to be really upfront and honest with us."

証言するing in a 2017 San Francisco 殺人 裁判，公判, Greene gave 類似の 証言 that an 分析家 had moved the 場所 of its 初期の 警報 a 封鎖する away, suddenly matching the scene of the 罪，犯罪.

"It´s not perfect. The dot on the 地図／計画する is 簡単に a starting point," he said.

In the Williams 事例／患者, 証拠 in pretrial 審理，公聴会s shows that ShotSpotter 最初 said the noise the sensor 選ぶd up was a 爆竹, a 分類 the company´s algorithm made with 98% 信用／信任. But a ShotSpotter 従業員 relabeled the noise as a 射撃.

Later, ShotSpotter 上級の technical support engineer Walter Collier changed the 報告（する）／憶測d Chicago 演説（する）／住所 of the sound to the street where Williams was 運動ing, about 1 mile (1.6 キロメーターs) away, によれば 法廷，裁判所 文書s. ShotSpotter said Collier 訂正するd the 報告（する）／憶測 to match the actual 場所 that the sensors had identified. The company later 供給するd AP with a copy of the 十分な real-time 警報, which 含む／封じ込めるd a street 演説（する）／住所, 場所 地図／計画するs and latitude and longitude 調整するs as did the second, 詳細（に述べる）d 法廷の 分析 Collier 用意が出来ている. The 割り当てるd street 演説（する）／住所 changed from the first to the second 報告（する）／憶測, but the 場所 identified on the 地図／計画するs and GPS 調整するs in both 報告（する）／憶測s remained around the same 交差点.

Collier worked for the Chicago Police Department for more than two １０年間s before joining ShotSpotter, によれば his LinkedIn profile. After Williams was sent to 刑務所，拘置所, his 弁護士／代理人／検事 requested more （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） about Collier´s training. The 弁護士／代理人／検事, Brendan Max, said he was shocked by the company´s 返答.

In 法廷，裁判所 filings, ShotSpotter 定評のある: "Our 専門家s are trained using a variety of `on the 職業´ training 開会／開廷／会期s, and 移転 of knowledge from our scientists and other experienced 従業員s. As such no 公式の／役人 or formal training 構成要素s 存在する for our 法廷の 専門家s."

法律 施行 公式の／役人s in Chicago continue to stand by their use of ShotSpotter. Chicago´s three-year, $33 million 契約, 調印するd in 2018, makes the city ShotSpotter´s largest 顧客. ShotSpotter has been at the heart of the police department´s "知能-活動／戦闘 c ycle" for predictive policing that uses 射撃 警報s to "identify areas of 危険," によれば a 贈呈 得るd by AP.

Late last month, on July 22, 司法長官 Merrick Garland flew to Chicago to 発表する a new 率先 to 戦闘 gun 暴力／激しさ and 小旅行するd a police 管区, looking on as 公式の／役人s showed him how they use ShotSpotter.

INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE

The next day, Williams hobbled into Courtroom 500 leaning on his 木造の 茎, dressed in tan 刑務所，拘置所 garb and sandals, as a 郡保安官´s 副 towered over him. He had been locked up for 11 months.

Williams 解除するd his 長，率いる to the famously irascible 裁判官 Vincent Gaughan. The 79-year-old Vietnam 退役軍人 looked 支援する from high on his （法廷の）裁判 and told Williams his 事例／患者 was 解任するd. The 推論する／理由: insufficient 証拠.

ShotSpotter 持続するs it had 警告するd 検察官，検事s not to rely on its 科学（工学）技術 to （悪事，秘密などを）発見する 射撃s 解雇する／砲火／射撃d inside 乗り物s or buildings. The company said the disclaimer can be 設立する in the small print embedded in its 契約 with Chicago police.

But the company 拒絶する／低下するd to say at what point during Williams´ nearly yearlong incarceration it got in touch with 検察官，検事s, or why it 用意が出来ている a 法廷の 報告（する）／憶測 for a 射撃 that 恐らく was 解雇する／砲火／射撃d in Williams´ 乗り物, given the fact that the system had trouble identifying 射撃s in enclosed spaces. The 報告（する）／憶測 itself 含む／封じ込めるd contradictory （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） 示唆するing the 科学（工学）技術 did, in fact, work inside cars. Clark, the company´s CEO, 拒絶する／低下するd to comment on the 事例／患者, but in a follow-up 声明, the company equivocated, telling AP that under "確かな 条件s," the system can 現実に 選ぶ up 射撃s inside 乗り物s.

Max, Williams´ 弁護士／代理人／検事, said 検察官，検事s never 公表する／暴露するd any of this （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） to him, and instead dropped 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s two months after he 召喚状d ShotSpotter for the company´s correspondence with 明言する／公表する´s 弁護士／代理人／検事s.

The 裁判官 agreed to schedule a 審理，公聴会 in the coming weeks about whether to 解放（する） ShotSpotter´s オペラ ting 議定書 and other 文書s the company wants to keep secret. Max, who requested it, said such 構成要素 could be used to cast 疑問 on the 有効性，効力 and reliability of ShotSpotter 証拠 in 事例／患者s 全国的な.

"My （弁護士の）依頼人 did not deserve to have his liberty taken away based on unscientific, unproven 証拠," Max said. "Given the history of 欠陥d 法廷の 証拠 in our 法廷，裁判所s, we can´t let ShotSpotter be the next thing that racks up wrongful 有罪の判決s."

On the evening of July 23, Williams walked out of Cook 郡 刑務所，拘置所 into the hot Chicago night.

He was 選ぶd up by his 弁護士／代理人／検事, and Anderson, his wife of 20 years, was waiting at home. When her husband stepped out of his 弁護士／代理人／検事´s car, she took him in her 武器 and cried.

That first night at home, Anderson made ribs and chicken, cornbread and macaroni and cheese.

But Williams couldn´t eat on his own. He´d （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域 COVID-19 twice while in 刑務所，拘置所, but had developed an uncontrollable （軽い）地震 in his 手渡す that kept him from 持つ／拘留するing a spoon. So Anderson fed him. And as they sat together on the couch, she held の上に his arm to try and stop the shaking.

For her part, Herring´s mother believes police had the 権利 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑う in Williams. She 非難するs ShotSpotter for botching the 事例／患者 by passing on, then 身を引くing what she called flimsy data.

Williams remains shaken by his ordeal. He said he doesn´t feel 安全な in his hometown anymore. When he walks through the 近隣 he ざっと目を通すs for the little microphones that almost sent him to 刑務所，拘置所 for life.

"The only places these 装置s are 任命する／導入するd are in poor 黒人／ボイコット communities, nowhere else," he said. "How many of us will 結局最後にはーなる in this same 状況／情勢?"

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This story was 初めは published on August 19, 2021. The Associated 圧力（をかける） 報告（する）／憶測d that a ShotSpotter engineer changed the 報告（する）／憶測d Chicago 演説（する）／住所 of a sound the company labeled a 射撃 to the street where Michael Williams was 運動ing. The story 含むd ShotSpotter´s explanation that the engi neer had 訂正するd the street 演説（する）／住所 that was 生成するd in its 初期の real-time 警報 to match the actual street 演説（する）／住所 that the company´s sensors had identified. The company has now 供給するd the AP with a copy of the 十分な real-time 警報. The two 報告（する）／憶測s the company 問題／発行するd - the 初期の real-time 警報 and the 詳細（に述べる）d 法廷の 分析 later とじ込み／提出するd in 法廷，裁判所 - 含む／封じ込めるd a street 演説（する）／住所, 場所 地図／計画するs and latitude and longitude 調整するs. The 割り当てるd street 演説（する）／住所 changed from the first to the second 報告（する）／憶測, but the 場所 identified on the 地図／計画するs and GPS 調整するs in both 報告（する）／憶測s remained around the same 交差点. ShotSpotter says the street 演説（する）／住所 in the 初期の real-time 警報 sent to police was wrong because the GPS 調整するs fell within a large park for which the 公式に 指定するd 演説（する）／住所 was about a mile away from the actual 場所 identified by the sensors. In 新規加入, the AP story misstated the status of an 弁護士／代理人／検事 who 圧力（をかける）d a ShotSpotter engineer 証言するing in a 裁判，公判 to explain why one of its 従業員s reclassified sounds from a ヘリコプター to a 弾丸. The article said the 弁護士／代理人／検事 was a 弁護 弁護士／代理人／検事 but he was 現実に a 検察官，検事. The story also 報告（する）／憶測d that in 2014, a 裁判官 in Richmond, California, didn´t 許す ShotSpotter 証拠 to be used during a ギャング（団） 殺人 共謀 事例／患者. ShotSpotter has now 供給するd AP with 付加 法廷，裁判所 記録，記録的な／記録するs showing that, three years later, the 裁判官 再考するd admissibility of the ShotSpotter 証拠 and 設立する, based upon the new 証拠, that it could be 認める.

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Mendoza 報告（する）／憶測d from Newark, California. Associated 圧力（をかける） Writer Roselyn Romero in San Luis Obispo, California, 与える／捧げるd to this 報告（する）／憶測.

接触する AP´s 全世界の investigative team at Investigative@ap.org

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Click here for 声明s 供給するd by ShotSpotter in 返答 to questions submitted by The Associated 圧力（をかける） for this article.

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