Weird science: 3 勝利，勝つ Nobel for unusual 明言する／公表するs of 事柄
How is a doughnut like a coffee cup? The answer helped three British-born scientists 勝利，勝つ the Nobel prize in physics Tuesday.
Their work could help lead to more powerful computers and 改善するd 構成要素s for electronics.
David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz, who are now (v)提携させる(n)支部，加入者d with universities in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, were 栄誉（を受ける）d for work in the 1970s and '80s that shed light on strange 明言する／公表するs of 事柄.
Professor Thors Hans Hansson gives a demonstration, after 明らかにする／漏らすing the w inners of the Nobel Prize in physics, at the 王室の Swedish 学院 of Sciences, in Stockholm, Sweden, Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2016. David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz have won the Nobel physics prize. Nobel 陪審／陪審員団 賞賛するs physics 勝利者s for '発見s of topological 段階 移行s and topological 段階s of 事柄'. (Anders Wiklund /TT 経由で AP)
"Their 発見s have brought about 打開s in the theoretical understanding of 事柄's mysteries and created new 視野s on the 開発 of innovative 構成要素s," the 王室の Swedish 学院 of Sciences said.
Thouless, 82, is a professor emeritus at the University of Washington. Haldane, 65, is a physics professor at Princeton University in New Jersey. Kosterlitz, 73, is a physics professor at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, and 現在／一般に a visiting lecturer at Aalto University in Helsinki.
The 8 million kronor ($930,000) award was divided with one half going to Thouless and the other to Haldane and Kosterlitz.
They 調査／捜査するd strange 明言する／公表するs of 事柄 like 超伝導, the ability of a 構成要素 to 行為／行う electricity without 抵抗.
Their work called on an abstract mathematical field called topology, which 現在のs a particular way to 述べる some 所有物／資産／財産s of 事柄. In this realm, a doughnut and a coffee cup are 基本的に the same thing because each 含む／封じ込めるs 正確に one 穴を開ける. Topology 述べるs 所有物／資産／財産s that can only change in 十分な steps; you can't have half a 穴を開ける.
"Using topology as a 道具, they were able to astound the 専門家s," the 学院 said.
For example, in the 1970s, Kosterlitz and Thouless showed that very thin 層s of 構成要素 ― essentially 含む／封じ込めるing only two dimensions rather than three ― c ould を受ける 根底となる changes known as 段階 移行s. One example is when a 構成要素 is 冷気／寒がらせるd enough that it can start showing 超伝導.
Scientists had thought 段階 changes were impossible in just two dimensions, but the two men showed that changes do occur and that they were rooted in topology.
"This was a radically new way of looking at 段階s of 事柄," said Sankar Das Sarma, a physicist at the University of Maryland in College Park.
"Now everywhere we look we find that topology 影響する／感情s the physical world," he said.
Haldane was 特記する／引用するd for theoretical 熟考する／考慮するs of chains of 磁石の 原子s that appear in some 構成要素s. He said he 設立する out about the prize through an 早期に morning telephone call.
"My first thought was someone had died," he told The Associated 圧力（をかける）. "But then a lady with a Swedish accent was on the line. It was pretty 予期しない."
Kosterlitz, a 二重の U.K.-U.S. 国民, said he got the news in a parking garage while 長，率いるing to lunch in Helsinki.
"I'm a little bit dazzled. I'm still trying to take it in," he told AP.
Michael Thouless, son of David Thouless, told the AP his father wasn't able to give interviews because of 医療の 推論する／理由s. In a 声明 Michael Thouless said his father "was moved and 栄誉（を受ける）d to learn of the Nobel Prize, and he was very happy to hear that he would 株 it with マイク Kosterlitz and Duncan Haldane."
Nobel 委員会 member David Haviland said this year's prize was more about theoretical 発見s even though they may result in practical 使用／適用s.
"These theoreticians have come up with a description of these materia ls using topological ideas, which have proven very 実りの多い／有益な and has led to a lot of 現在進行中の 研究 about 構成要素 所有物／資産／財産s," he said.
Haldane said the award-winning 研究 is just starting to have practical 使用／適用s.
"The big hope is that some of these new 構成要素s could lead to quantum computers and other new 科学（工学）技術," he said.
Quantum computers could be powerful 道具s, but Kosterlitz was not so sure about the prospects for developing them.
"I've been waiting for my desktop quantum computer for years, but it's still showing no 調印するs of appearing," he said. "At the 危険 of making a bad mistake, I would say that this quantum computation stuff is a long way from 存在 practical."
This year's Nobel Prize 告示s started Monday with the 薬／医学 award going to Japanese biologist Yoshinori Ohsumi for 発見s on autophagy, the 過程 by which a 独房 breaks 負かす／撃墜する and 再生利用するs content.
The chemistry prize will be 発表するd on Wednesday and the Nobel Peace Prize on Friday. The 経済的なs and literature awards will be 発表するd next week.
Besides the prize money, the 勝利者s get a メダル and a diploma at the award 儀式s on Dec. 10, the 周年記念日 of prize 創立者 Alfred Nobel's death in 1896.
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Malcolm Ritter 報告（する）／憶測d from New York. Karl Ritter 報告（する）／憶測d from Stockholm. Associated 圧力（をかける） writers Keith Moore in Stockholm, Matti Huuhtanen in Helsinki and Shawn 沼 in Trenton, New Jersey, 与える／捧げるd to this 報告（する）／憶測.
This undated photo 供給するd by Princeton University shows Duncan Haldane, who is one of the scientists that has been awarded the Nobel Prize in physics 発表するd Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2016. The 王室の Swedish 学院 of Sciences has 特記する／引用するd David Thouless, Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz for "theoretical 発見s of topological 段階 移行s and topological 段階s of 事柄." (Denise Applewhite/Princeton University, Office of Communications 経由で AP)
The 王室の 学院 of Sciences members, from left, Professor Nils Martensson, Professor Goran K Hansson and Professor Thomas Hans Hansson 明らかにする／漏らす the 勝利者s of the Nobel Prize in physics, at the 王室の Swedish 学院 of Sciences, in Stockholm, Sweden, Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2016. David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz have won the Nobel physics prize. Nobel 陪審／陪審員団 賞賛するs physics 勝利者s for '発見s of topological 段階 移行s and topological 段階s of 事柄'. (Anders Wiklund /TT 経由で AP)
The 王室の 学院 of Sciences members, from left, Professor Nils Martensson, Professor Goran K Hansson and Professor Thomas Hans Hansson 明らかにする／漏らす the 勝利者s of the Nobel Prize in physics, at the 王室の Swedish 学院 of Sciences, in Stockholm, Sweden, Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2016. David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz have won the Nobel physics prize. Nobel 陪審／陪審員団 賞賛するs physics 勝利者s for '発見s of topological 段階 移行s and topological 段階s of 事柄'. (Anders Wiklund /TT 経由で AP)
Princeton University physics professor F. Duncan Haldane leaves his home after it was 発表するd that he has been awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics 早期に Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2016, in Princeton, N.J. Haldane 株 the award with fellow scientists David Thouless and Michael Kosterlitz. (AP Photo/Mel Evans)
John Michael Kosterlitz, one of the scientists that has been awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, 提起する／ポーズをとるs for a photo at Aalto University in Espoo, Finland, Tuesday Oct. 4, 2016. The 王室の Swedish 学院 of Sciences has 特記する／引用するd David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz for "theoretical 発見s of topological 段階 移行s and topological 段階s of 事柄." (Roni Rekomaa/Lehtikuva 経由で AP)
John Michael Kosterlitz, one of the scientists that has been awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, 提起する／ポーズをとるs for a photo at Aalto University in Espoo, Finland, Tuesday Oct. 4, 2016. The 王室の Swedish 学院 of Sciences has 特記する／引用するd David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz for "theoretical 発見s of topological 段階 移行s and topological 段階s of 事柄." (Roni Rekomaa/Lehtikuva 経由で AP)
John Michael Kosterlitz, one of the scientists that has been awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, 提起する／ポーズをとるs for a photo at Aalto University in Espoo, Finland, Tuesday Oct. 4, 2016. The 王室の Swedish 学院 of Sciences has 特記する／引用するd David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz for "theoretical 発見s of topological 段階 移行s and topological pha ses of 事柄." (Roni Rekomaa/Lehtikuva 経由で AP)
Princeton University professor F. Duncan Haldane leaves his home after it was 発表するd that he has been awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics 早期に Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2016, in Princeton, N.J. Haldane 株 the award with fellow scientists David Thouless and Michael Kosterlitz. (AP Photo/Mel Evans)
Princeton University physics professor F. Duncan Haldane leaves his home after it was 発表するd that he has been awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics 早期に Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2016, in Princeton, N.J. Haldane 株 the award with fellow scientists David Thouless and Michael Kosterlitz. (AP Photo/Mel Evans)
Princeton University physics professor F. Duncan Haldane leaves his home after it was 発表するd that he has been awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics 早期に Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2016, in Princeton, N.J. Haldane 株 the award with fellow scientists David Thouless and Michael Kosterlitz. (AP Photo/Mel Evans)
Princeton University physics professor F. Duncan Haldane leaves his home after it was 発表するd that he has been awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics 早期に Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2016, in Princeton, N.J. Haldane 株 the award with fellow scientists David Thouless and Michael Kosterlitz. (AP Photo/Mel Evans)
John Michael Kosterlitz, one of the scientists that has been awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, 提起する／ポーズをとるs for a photo at Aalto University in Espoo, Finland, Tuesday Oct. 4, 2016. The 王室の Swedish 学院 of Sciences has 特記する／引用するd David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz for "theoretical 発見s of topological 段階 移行s and topological 段階s of 事柄." (Roni Rekomaa/Lehtikuva 経由で AP)
John Michael Kosterlitz, one of the scientists that has been awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, 提起する／ポーズをとるs fo r a photo at Aalto University in Espoo, Finland, Tuesday Oct. 4, 2016. The 王室の Swedish 学院 of Sciences has 特記する／引用するd David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz for "theoretical 発見s of topological 段階 移行s and topological 段階s of 事柄." (Roni Rekomaa/Lehtikuva 経由で AP)
This undated photo 供給するd by Princeton University shows Duncan Haldane, who is one of the scientists that has been awarded the Nobel Prize in physics 発表するd Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2016. The 王室の Swedish 学院 of Sciences has 特記する／引用するd David Thouless, Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz for "theoretical 発見s of topological 段階 移行s and topological 段階s of 事柄." (Denise Applewhite/Princeton University, Office of Communications 経由で AP)
The 王室の 学院 of Sciences members, from left, Professor Nils Martensson, Professor Goran K Hansson and Professor Thomas Hans Hansson 明らかにする／漏らす the 勝利者s of the Nobel Prize in physics, at the 王室の Swedish 学院 of Sciences, in Stockholm, Sweden, Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2016. David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz have won the Nobel physics prize. Nobel 陪審／陪審員団 賞賛するs physics 勝利者s for '発見s of topological 段階 移行s and topological 段階s of 事柄'. (Anders Wiklund /TT 経由で AP)
The 王室の 学院 of Sciences members, from left, Professor Nils Martensson, Professor Goran K Hansson and Professor Thomas Hans Hansson 明らかにする／漏らす the 勝利者s of the Nobel Prize in physics, at the 王室の Swedish 学院 of Sciences, in Stockholm, Sweden, Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2016. David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz have won the Nobel physics prize. Nobel 陪審／陪審員団 賞賛するs physics 勝利者s for '発見s of topological 段階 移行s and topological 段階s of 事柄'. (Anders Wiklund /TT 経由で AP)
Professor Thors Hans Hansson gives a demonstration, after 明らかにする／漏らすing the 勝利者s of the Nobel Prize i n physics, at the 王室の Swedish 学院 of Sciences, in Stockholm, Sweden, Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2016. David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz have won the Nobel physics prize. Nobel 陪審／陪審員団 賞賛するs physics 勝利者s for '発見s of topological 段階 移行s and topological 段階s of 事柄'. (Anders Wiklund /TT 経由で AP)
A 総計費 projector 陳列する，発揮するs the photos of the 勝利者s of the Nobel Prize in physics, at the 王室の Swedish 学院 of Sciences, in Stockholm, Sweden, Tuesday, Oct. 4, 2016. David Thouless, Duncan Haldane and Michael Kosterlitz have won the Nobel physics prize. Nobel 陪審／陪審員団 賞賛するs physics 勝利者s for '発見s of topological 段階 移行s and topological 段階s of 事柄'. (Anders Wiklund /TT 経由で AP)
