Women at war: Backstage ヘロインs in D-Day's 75th 周年記念日

By Associated 圧力（をかける）

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OMAHA BEACH, フラン (AP) - Women didn't get much of a について言及する in the 75th 周年記念日 記念s of D-Day that 焦点（を合わせる）d 大部分は on the fighting 偉業／利用するs of men, yet without them Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been 敗北・負かすd.

Legions of women built 武器s of war that men fought and killed with. By 確実にするing 生産／産物 of 計画（する）s, 戦車／タンクs and other 構成要素, they 解放する／自由なd up men sent into 戦闘 on all the 前線s of World War II.

Women fought, and died, too. French 抵抗 闘士，戦闘機 Lucie Aubrac was 妊娠している when she sprang her husband, Raymond, from Nazi 捕らわれた in October 1943. Across フラン, many schools are 指名するd after Aubrac, who died in 2007, 老年の 94.

Women nursed the 負傷させるd and 慰安d the traumatized.

"If I had to do it over ... just like the boys, I'd serve again," war nurse Leila Morrison, now 96, said as she （機の）カム 支援する this week to Normandy, where she served in the 118th 避難／引き上げ Hospital after nearly 160,000 men landed in Nazi-占領するd フラン on D-Day, June 6, 1944.

"It changed my life 完全に, my 見通し in every direction, and I am so thankful for it," Morrison told The Associated 圧力（をかける） in an interview. "I was just 22 years old, just out of school and never been through anything like this. And it was a real wakeup 現実化 and it stayed with me ever since, every day."

FILE - In this Sept. 22, 1942 file photo, aviator Nancy Harkness Love, director of the Women's Auxiliary Ferry Squadron (WAFS), and Col. Robert H. Baker, commanding officer, inspect the first contingent of women pilots in the WAFS at the New Castle Army Air Base, Del. Women didn't get much of a mention in the 75th anniversary commemorat ions of D-Day that focused largely on the fighting exploits of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been defeated. Legions of women built weapons of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping production lines humming of planes, tanks and other material, they freed up men sent into combat on World War II fronts. (AP Photo, File)

FILE - In this Sept. 22, 1942 とじ込み／提出する photo, aviator Nancy Harkness Love, director of the Women's Auxiliary フェリー（で運ぶ） 騎兵大隊 (WAFS), and Col. Robert H. パン職人, 命令（する）ing officer, 検査／視察する the first 次第で変わる／派遣部隊 of women 操縦するs in the WAFS at the New 城 Army 空気／公表する Base, Del. Women didn't get much of a について言及する in the 75th 周年記念日 記念s of D-Day that 焦点（を合わせる）d 大部分は on the fighting 偉業／利用するs of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been 敗北・負かすd. Legions of women built 武器s of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping 生産／産物 lines humming of 計画（する）s, 戦車／タンクs and other 構成要素, they 解放する／自由なd up men sent into 戦闘 on World War II 前線s. (AP Photo, とじ込み／提出する)

In short, women were 決定的な cogs in the 連合した and Soviet war machines that 結局 overpowered those of Germany and Japan. Women were also on the 前線 lines of horror and 苦しむing, with countless numbers 支配するd to 集まり 強姦s by 前進するing 兵士s who often carried love-letters and keep-sakes from sweethearts waiting 支援する home, millions of whom became 未亡人s.

The success of the 大規模な 空気／公表する- and seaborne D-Day 侵略, 祝う／追悼するd across Normandy this week , was the culmination of a monumental 連合した war 成果／努力 that, from the 手始め, needed the muscles, 知能, bravery, fortitude, patience, discretion and self-sacrifice of women, who juggled 戦時 service with child-care, too, while men fought to 解放する／自由な foreign lands.

In the 影響 of the Dec. 7, 1941, Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor that precipitated the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs' 入ること／参加（者） into the war, U.S. 政府 fliers told women: "You are needed ... NOW."

"We must depend upon you - upon womanpower," exhorted a 新規採用 flier 分配するd in 動きやすい, Alabama, in February 1942. "Every housewife should ask herself and answer this question: 'Can I be of greater service in my home or in a war 工場／植物?'"

ジーンズ Harman, then 17 and already taking 飛行機で行くing classes when Japan sprang its surprise attack on the U.S. 太平洋の (n)艦隊／(a)素早い, didn't hesitate to 申し込む／申し出 up her 技術s to the WASPs, the 開拓するing Women Airforce Service 操縦するs whose array of noncombat flight 使節団s 解放（する）d male 操縦するs for 戦う／戦い.

"World War II was a righteous war. We were 脅すd to death that Germany was going to 勝利，勝つ, take over Europe and then come after us," Harman, now 94, said in an AP phone interview from her home in California. "I don't know anybody who didn't try to do something 愛国的な during the war."

The toughest 面 of 存在 a WASP was "存在 受託するd," she said. "The men were not universally 受託するing of us 飛行機で行くing."

The success of D-Day and the 連合した victory in the attritional 戦う／戦い of Normandy that followed （一定の）期間d the beginning of the end for th e WASPs. On Oct. 1, 1944, the U.S. army wrote to the 1,074 women 卒業生（する）s of the WASP training program that they were 存在 解散するd.

"When we needed you, you （機の）カム through," 空気／公表する 軍隊 Gen. Henry Arnold wrote . "But now the war 状況／情勢 has changed and the time has come when your volunteered services are no longer needed."

"We were just 捨てるd," Harman said. "One day we were 雇うd, the next day we were not. We had to 支払う／賃金 our own way to wherever we were going next. We had no severance 支払う／賃金. It was just, 'That's it girls.'"

On their first 職業, in October 1942, they フェリー（で運ぶ）d 65-horsepower light Piper 'Cub' 計画（する）s from the Lock 港／避難所, Pennsylvania, factory to Mitchel Field on Long Island.

From there, women went on to 操縦する almost every type of 戦時 計画（する）, 含むing the 大規模な B-29 Superfortress, used in August 1945 to 減少（する） 原子 爆弾s on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, precipitating Japan's 降伏する and the end of the war, and swift P-51 Mustang 闘士，戦闘機s that 保護（する）／緊急輸入制限d 激しい 爆撃機s on （警察の）手入れ，急襲s to Berlin and 支援する.

Women フェリー（で運ぶ）d over 50% of the 戦闘 航空機 within the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs , 飛行機で行くing from 126 bases. 計画（する）s that dropped paratroopers on D-Day, 爆弾d German 弁護s and strafed Panzer 部隊s may 井戸／弁護士席 have been flown first by women from factories on their way to the 前線, where men were at the 支配（する）／統制するs.

"We didn't have the means to fight that war when we started. We had to 緊急発進する for everything we could to get men, ships, 弾薬／武器, etc., to the 前線 to fight," said Sarah Byrn Rickman, author of "The 初めのs," about the women fliers. "The women stepped in and filled a gap that made this possible."

"Without the women, could we have won the war? Probably, a whole lot longer," she 追加するd. "But who knows? Their 役割 was 決定的な."

Thirty-eight of the women were killed in 戦時 service. But long considered 非軍事のs, not members of the 軍の, they weren't する権利を与えるd to the 支払う／賃金 and 利益s men got. Only in 1977, after a long fight, did they get 退役軍人 stat us, followed in 2010 with the 連邦議会の Gold メダル , the highest 非軍事の 栄誉（を受ける） given by 議会.

Out of a 職業, Harman married a 海軍の officer. He got flight training; she 投資するd herself in 後部ing a family.

"We had babies for the next five years and that was it, you know, that part of my life was over," she said. "With four kids, we didn't have the money or that for me to do any 飛行機で行くing later, just for fun."

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Associated 圧力（をかける） writer Raf Casert 与える／捧げるd from Blay, Normandy.

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Follow the AP's ニュース報道 of D-Day at https://apnews.com/WorldWarII

FILE - In this Aug. 29, 2015 file photo, Soldiers of the U.S. and Belgian Army stand next to the coffin of Augusta Chiwy during a memorial service at the Mardasson Memorial in Bastogne, Belgium. Augusta Chiwy was a Belgian nurse who helped save hundreds of American soldiers during the Battle of the Bulge at the end of World War II. Women didn't get much of a mention in the 75th anniversary commemorations of D-Day that focused largely on the fighting exploits of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been defeated. Legions of women built weapons of war that men fought and killed with. (AP Photo/Virginia Mayo, File)

FILE - In this Aug. 29, 2015 とじ込み／提出する photo, 兵士s of the U.S. and ベルギー Army stand next to the 棺 of Augusta Chiwy during a 記念の service at the Mardasson 記念の in Bastogne, Belgium. Augusta Chiwy was a ベルギー nurse who helped save hundreds of American 兵士s during the 戦う／戦い of the Bulge at the end of World War II. Women didn't get much of a について言及する in the 75th 周年記念日 記念s of D-Day that 焦点（を合わせる）d 大部分は on the fighting 偉業／利用するs of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been 敗北・負かすd. Legions of women built 武器s of war that men fought and killed with. (AP Photo/Virginia Mayo, とじ込み／提出する)

FILE - In this June 3, 2019 file photo, US World War II veteran Leila Morrison, from Colorado, poses at Normandy American Cemetery in Colleville-sur-Mer, Normandy, France. Morrison returned to Normandy for the 75th anniversary, where she served in the 118th Evacuation Hospital in 1944. Women didn't get much of a mention in the 75th anniversary commemorations of D-Day that focused largely on the fighting exploits of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been defeated. Legions of women built weapons of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping production lines humming of planes, tanks and other material, they freed up men sent into c ombat on World War II fronts. (AP Photo/Rafael Yaghobzadeh, file)

FILE - In this June 3, 2019 とじ込み／提出する photo, US World War II 退役軍人 Leila Morrison, from Colorado, 提起する／ポーズをとるs at Normandy American 共同墓地 in Colleville-sur-Mer, Normandy, フラン. Morrison returned to Normandy for the 75th 周年記念日, where she served in the 118th 避難／引き上げ Hospital in 1944. Women didn't get much of a について言及する in the 75th 周年記念日 記念s of D-Day that 焦点（を合わせる）d 大部分は on the fighting 偉業／利用するs of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been 敗北・負かすd. Legions of women built 武器s of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping 生産／産物 lines humming of 計画（する）s, 戦車／タンクs and other 構成要素, they 解放する／自由なd up men sent into 戦闘 on World War II 前線s. (AP Photo/Rafael Yaghobzadeh, とじ込み／提出する)

FILE - In this March 14, 2007 file photo, Lucie Aubrac, a hero of the French Resistance speaks in Paris. Lucie Aubrac was pregnant when she sprang her husband, Raymond, from Nazi captivity in October 1943. Women didn't get much of a mention in the 75th anniversary commemorations of D-Day that focused largely on the fighting exploits of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been defeated. Legions of women built weapons of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping production lines humming of planes, tanks and other material, they freed up men sent into combat on World War II fronts. (AP Photo/Michel Euler, file)

FILE - In this March 14, 2007 とじ込み／提出する photo, Lucie Aubrac, a hero of the French 抵抗 speaks in Paris. Lucie Aubrac was 妊娠している when she sprang her husband, Raymond, from Nazi 捕らわれた in October 1943. Women didn't get much of a について言及する in the 75th 周年記念日 記念s of D-Day that 焦点（を合わせる）d 大部分は on the fighting 偉業／利用するs of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been de feated. Legions of women built 武器s of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping 生産／産物 lines humming of 計画（する）s, 戦車／タンクs and other 構成要素, they 解放する／自由なd up men sent into 戦闘 on World War II 前線s. (AP Photo/Michel Euler, とじ込み／提出する)

FILE - this Jan. 8, 1943 file photo shows an appeal for more women workers to enter the war factories of Britain, in London. Women didn't get much of a mention in the 75th anniversary commemorations of D-Day that focused largely on the fighting exploits of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been defeated. Legions of women built weapons of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping production lines humming of planes, tanks and other material, they freed up men sent into combat on World War II fronts. (AP Photo, File)

FILE - this Jan. 8, 1943 とじ込み／提出する photo shows an 控訴，上告 for more women 労働者s to enter the war factories of Britain, in London. Women didn't get much of a について言及する in the 75th 周年記念日 記念s of D-Day that 焦点（を合わせる）d 大部分は on the fighting 偉業／利用するs of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been 敗北・負かすd. Legions of women built 武器s of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping 生産／産物 lines humming of 計画（する）s, 戦車／タンクs and other 構成要素, they 解放する／自由なd up men sent into 戦闘 on World War II 前線s. (AP Photo, とじ込み／提出する)

FILE - In this May 9, 1941 file photo, a woman stacks anti-tank gun barrels, with the aid of an overhead crane, at a Ministry of Supply factory in Wales, England. Women didn't get much of a mention in the 75th anniversary commemorations of D-Day that focused largely on the fighting exploits of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been defeated. Legions of women built weapons of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping production lines humming of planes, tanks and other material, they freed up men sent into combat on World War II fronts. (AP Photo, File)

FILE - In this May 9, 1941 とじ込み／提出する photo, a woman stacks anti-戦車／タンク gun バーレル／樽s, with the 援助（する） of an 総計費 crane, at a 省 of 供給（する） factory in むちの跡s, England. Women didn't get much of a について言及する in the 75th 周年記念日 記念s of D-Day that 焦点（を合わせる）d 大部分は on the fighting 偉業／利用するs of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been 敗北・負かすd. Legions of women built 武器s of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping 生産／産物 lines humming of 計画（する）s, 戦車／タンクs and other 構成要素, they 解放する／自由なd up men sent into 戦闘 on World War II 前線s. (AP Photo, とじ込み／提出する)

FILE - This April 2, 1943 file photo shows a war poster which is both a thanks and a reminder to the women of America to do their bit toward final victory in World War II. Women didn't get much of a mention in the 75th anniversary commemorations of D-Day that focused largely on the fighting exploits of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been defeated. Legions of women built weapons of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping production lines humming of planes, tanks and other material, they freed up men sent into combat on World War II fronts. (AP Photo, File)

FILE - This April 2, 1943 とじ込み／提出する photo shows a war poster which is both a thanks and a 思い出の品 to the women of America to do their bit toward final victory in World War II. Women didn't get much of a について言及する in the 75th 周年記念日 記念s of D-Day that 焦点（を合わせる）d 大部分は on the fighting 偉業／利用するs of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been 敗北・負かすd. Legions of women built 武器s of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping 生産／産物 lines humming of 計画（する）s, 戦車／タンクs and other 構成要素, they 解放する／自由なd up men sent into 戦闘 on World War II 前線s. (AP Photo, とじ込み／提出する)

FILE - In this Jan. 10, 1940 file photo, some of the nine women who were tasked to take a squadron of Royal Air Force trainer planes from the manufacturing plant, the first time women were allowed to enter a British Military Aircraft, go out on a flying field in England. Women didn't get much of a mention in the 75th anniversary commemorations of D-Day that focused largely on the fighting exploits of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been defeated. Legions of women built weapons of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping production lines humming of planes, tanks and other material, they freed up men sent int o combat on World War II fronts. (AP Photo, File)

FILE - In this Jan. 10, 1940 とじ込み／提出する photo, some of the nine women who were 仕事d to take a 騎兵大隊 of 王室の 空気／公表する 軍隊 trainer 計画（する）s from the 製造業の 工場／植物, the first time women were 許すd to enter a British 軍の 航空機, go out on a 飛行機で行くing field in England. Women didn't get much of a について言及する in the 75th 周年記念日 記念s of D-Day that 焦点（を合わせる）d 大部分は on the fighting 偉業／利用するs of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been 敗北・負かすd. Legions of women built 武器s of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping 生産／産物 lines humming of 計画（する）s, 戦車／タンクs and other 構成要素, they 解放する／自由なd up men sent into 戦闘 on World War II 前線s. (AP Photo, とじ込み／提出する)

F ILE - In this Jan. 13, 1942 file photo, women workers work side by side with men on the sub-assembly line turning out Martin B-26 medium bombers at the Glenn L. Martin plant in Baltimore Md. Women didn't get much of a mention in the 75th anniversary commemorations of D-Day that focused largely on the fighting exploits of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been defeated. Legions of women built weapons of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping production lines humming of planes, tanks and other material, they freed up men sent into combat on World War II fronts. (AP Photo, File)

FILE - In this Jan. 13, 1942 とじ込み／提出する photo, women 労働者s work 味方する by 味方する with men on the sub-議会 line turning out ツバメ B-26 medium 爆撃機s at the Glenn L. ツバメ 工場／植物 in Baltimore Md. Women didn't get much of a について言及する in the 75th 周年記念日 記念s of D-Day that 焦点（を合わせる）d 大部分は on the fighting 偉業／利用するs of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been 敗北・負かすd. Legions of women built 武器s of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping 生産／産物 lines humming of 計画（する）s, 戦車／タンクs and other 構成要素, they 解放する／自由なd up men sent into 戦闘 on World War II 前線s. (AP Photo, とじ込み／提出する)

FILE - In this Saturday, March 22, 2014 file photo, Flora Belle Reece, a former veteran who served as a WASP (Women Airforce Service Pilots) stands by a plane at the Inaugural LA County Air Show at the William J. Fox Airfield in Lancaster, Calif. Women didn't get much of a mention in the 75th anniversary commemorations of D-Day that focused largely on the fighting exploits of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been defeated. Legions of women built weapons of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping production lines humming of planes, tanks and other material, they freed up men sent into combat on World War II fronts. (AP Photo/Richard Vogel, file)

FILE - In this Saturday, March 22, 2014 とじ込み／提出する photo, Flora Belle Reece, a former 退役軍人 who served as a WASP (Women Airforce Service 操縦するs) stands by a 計画（する） at the 就任の LA 郡 空気／公表する Show at the William J. Fox 離着陸場 in Lancaster, Calif. Women didn't get much of a について言及する in the 75th 周年記念日 記念s of D-Day that 焦点（を合わせる）d 大部分は on the fighting 偉業／利用するs of men, yet without women Adolf Hitler wouldn't have been 敗北・負かすd. Legions of women built 武器s of war that men fought and killed with. By keeping 生産／産物 lines humming of 計画（する）s, 戦車／タンクs and other 構成要素, they 解放する／自由なd up men sent into 戦闘 on World War II 前線s. (AP Photo/Richard Vogel, とじ込み／提出する)

Members of the Florida State University Marching Chiefs pose for photos next to a memorial on Omaha Beach on the 75th anniversary Thursday, June 6, 2019, of the D-Day landings (AP Photo/John Leicester)

Members of the Florida 明言する／公表する University Marching 長，指導者s 提起する／ポーズをとる for photos next to a 記念の on Omaha Beach on the 75th 周年記念日 Thursday, June 6, 2019, of the D-Day 上陸s (AP Photo/John Leicester)

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