Nobel laureate Toni Morrison dead at 88
NEW YORK (AP) - Nobel laureate Toni Morrison, a 開拓する and 統治するing 巨大（な） of modern literature whose imaginative 力／強力にする in "Beloved," ''Sula" and other 作品 transformed American letters by dramatizing the 追跡 of freedom within the 境界s of race, has died at age 88.
Publisher Alfred A. Knopf 発表するd that Morrison died Monday night at Montefiore 医療の 中心 in New York after a 簡潔な／要約する illness.
"Toni Morrison passed away 平和的に last night surrounded by family and friends," Morrison's family said in a 声明 through the publisher. "She was an 極端に 充てるd mother, grandmother, and aunt who reveled in 存在 with her family and friends. The consummate writer who treasured the written word, whether her own, her students or others, she read voraciously and was most at home when 令状ing."
Few authors rose in such 早い, みごたえのある style. She was nearly 40 when her first novel, "The Bluest 注目する，もくろむ," was published. By her 早期に 60s, after just six novels, she had become the first 黒人／ボイコット woman to receive the Nobel literature prize, 賞賛するd in 1993 by the Swedish 学院 for her "visionary 軍隊" and for delving into "language itself, a language she wants to 解放する" from 部類s of 黒人／ボイコット and white.
Morrison helped educate her country and the world about the 私的な lives of the unknown and unwanted. In her novels, history - 黒人／ボイコット history - was a hidden trove of poetry, 悲劇 and good old gossip, whether in small-town Ohio in "Sula" or big-city Harlem in "Jazz." She regarded race as a social 建設する, and through language 設立するd the better world her characters 苦しむd to 達成する, weaving in everything from African literature and slave folklore to the Bible and Gabriel Garcia Marquez.
"Narrative has never been 単に entertainment for me," she said in her Nobel lecture. "It is, I believe, one of the 主要な／長／主犯 ways in which we 吸収する knowledge."
FILE - In this Nov. 25, 2005 とじ込み／提出する photo, author Toni Morrison listens to Mexicos Carlos Monsivais during the Julio Cortazar professorship 会議／協議会 at the Guadalajara's University in Guadalajara City, Mexico. The Nobel Prize-winning author has died. Publisher Alfred A. Knopf says Morrison died Monday, Aug. 5, 2019 at Montefiore 医療の 中心 in New York. She was 88. (AP Photo/Guillermo Arias, とじ込み／提出する)
勝利者 of the 1988 Pulitzer Prize for "Beloved," she was one of the 調書をとる／予約する world's most regal presences, with her expanse of graying braids; her dark, discerning 注目する，もくろむs; and her warm, theatrical 発言する／表明する, which could lower to a mysterious growl or rise to a humorous falsetto. "Th at handsome and perceptive lady," James Baldwin called her.
Her admirers 範囲d from college students and housewives to Barack Obama, who awarded her a 大統領の メダル of 栄誉（を受ける）; 法案 Clinton, whom the author called "our first 黒人／ボイコット 大統領，／社長"; and Oprah Winfrey, who helped 拡大する Morrison's readership. Morrison 株d those high opinions, 繰り返して labeling one of her novels, "Love," as "perfect" and 拒絶するing the idea that artistic 業績／成就 called for 静かな modesty.
"Maya Angelou helped me without her knowing it," Morrison told The Associated 圧力（をかける） during a 1998 interview. "When she was 令状ing her first 調書をとる／予約する, 'I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings,' I was an editor at 無作為の House. She was having such a good time, and she never said, 'Who me? My little 調書をとる／予約する?'
"I decided that ... winning the (Nobel) prize was fabulous," Morrison 追加するd. "Nobody was going to take that and make it into something else. I felt representational. I felt American. I felt Ohioan. I felt blacker than ever. I felt more woman than ever. I felt all of that, and put all of that together and went out and had a good time."
Morrison was born Chloe Anthony Wofford in Lorain, Ohio, a steel town outside of Cleveland. She …に出席するd Howard University, where she spent much of her 解放する／自由な time in the theater, and met and married a Jamaican architect, Harold Morrison, whom she 離婚d in 1964. They had two children, Harold and Slade.
Even when she was growing up, she believed she was smarter than the white kids and took it for 認めるd she was wiser. She was an 栄誉（を受ける）s student and …に出席するd Howard because she dreamed of life spent の中で 黒人／ボイコット 知識人s.
But although she went on to teach there, Howard disappointed her. Campus life seemed closer to a finishing school than to an 会・原則 of learning.
抗議する人s, の中で them her former student Stokely Carmichael, were 需要・要求するing equality. Morrison 手配中の，お尋ね者 that, too, but wondered what 肉親，親類d.
"I thought they 手配中の，お尋ね者 to 統合する for nefarious 目的s," sh e said. "I thought they should 需要・要求する money in those 黒人／ボイコット schools. That was the problem - the 資源s, the better 器具／備品, the better teachers, the buildings that were 落ちるing apart - not 存在 in some high school next to some white kids."
In 1964, she became an editor at 無作為の House and one of the few 黒人／ボイコット women in publishing. Over the next 20 years, she would work with 現れるing fiction authors such as Gayl Jones and Toni Cade Bambara, on a memoir by Muhammad Ali and 調書をとる／予約するs by such 行動主義者s as Angela Davis and 黒人／ボイコット Panther Huey Newton. A special 事業／計画（する） was editing "The 黒人／ボイコット 調書をとる／予約する," a collection of everything from newspaper 宣伝s to song lyrics that 心配するd her immersion in the everyday lives of the past.
By the late '60s, she was a 選び出す／独身 mother and 決定するd writer who had been 押し進めるd by her 未来 editor, Robert Gottlieb, into deciding whether she'd 令状 or edit. Seated at her kitchen （米）棚上げする／（英）提議する, she fleshed out a story based on a childhood memory of a 黒人／ボイコット girl in Lorain who 願望（する）d blue 注目する，もくろむs. She called the novel "The Bluest 注目する，もくろむ." She had no スパイ／執行官 and was 拒絶するd by several publishers before reaching a を取り引きする Holt, which 解放（する）d the novel in 1969. Sales were modest, but critics liked it and Morrison soon 調印するd up with Gottlieb and Knopf, which became her longtime publisher.
FILE - In this May 29, 2012 とじ込み／提出する photo, author Toni Morrison receives her メダル of Freedom award during a 儀式 in the East Room of the White House in Washington. The Nobel Prize-winning author has died. Publisher Alfred A. Knopf says Morrison died Monday, Aug. 5, 2019 at Montefiore 医療の 中心 in New York. She was 88. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster, とじ込み／提出する)
FILE - In this May 29, 2012 とじ込み／提出する photo 大統領 Barack Obama awards author Toni Morrison with a メダル of Freedom, during a 儀式 in the East Room of the White House in Washington. The Nobel Prize-winning author has died. Publisher Alfred A. Knopf says Morrison died Monday, Aug. 5, 2019 at Montefiore 医療の 中心 in New York. She was 88. (AP Photo/Carolyn Kaster, とじ込み／提出する)
FILE- This Jan. 27, 1993 とじ込み／提出する photo shows Nobel prize 勝利者 Toni Morrison at Princeton University in Princeton, N.J. Morrison, a 開拓する and 統治するing 巨大（な） of modern literature whose imaginative 力／強力にする in "Beloved," ''Song of Solomon" and other 作品 transformed American letters by dramatizing the 追跡 of freedom within the 境界s of race, has died at age 88. Publisher Alfred A. Knopf 発表するd that Morrison died Monday, Aug. 5, 2019 at Montefiore 医療の 中心 in New York. (AP Photo/Charles Rex Arbogast, とじ込み／提出する)
FILE - In this Feb. 27, 2013 とじ込み／提出する photo, author Toni Morrison 調印するs copies of her 最新の 調書をとる／予約する "Home," during Google's online program series, Authors At Google, in New York. The Nobel Prize-winning author has died. Publisher Alfred A. Knopf says Morrison died Monday, Aug. 5, 2019 at Montefiore 医療の 中心 in New York. She was 88. (AP Photo/Bebeto Matthews, とじ込み／提出する)
