What do we know about coronavirus 免疫?
More than 10 million people in the UK have received their first dose of a coronavirus ワクチン.
Much has been said about how 効果的な the jabs are at 妨げるing people from getting Covid-19 and when enough people will be 保護するd for things to start returning to normal.
The British Society for Immunology (BSI) says understanding 免疫 to Covid-19, induced both by natural 感染 and through ワクチン接種, is 重要な to 出口ing the pandemic.
Here is what we know about Covid-19 免疫:
? Does everyone have the same 免疫の 返答 to the ウイルス??
No. によれば the BSI Covid Taskforce, some people appear to have a very 効果的な 免疫の 返答 and cannot be 感染させるd again.
This means they will not get sick again from the ウイルス and will not pass it to anyone else ? so called sterilising 免疫.
Others make antibodies and are 保護するd from 病気, but not from 未来 感染. These people could still pass the ウイルス on to other people.
How many antibodies people make, and how good they are at 妨げるing 感染, also 変化させるs from person to person.
They also 変化させる in the number of T-独房s ? a type of white 血 独房 which 捜し出すs and destroys 感染させるd 独房s ? and the 質 of the 返答.
It is not yet known how important these variations are ーに関して／ーの点でs of 保護の 免疫, but 研究 is 現在進行中の.
? How do we know if someone has 遭遇（する）d the ウイルス and had an 免疫の 返答?
As things stand, the easiest 指示，表示する物 is whether they have antibodies in their 血 which recognise the ウイルス.
Memory T 独房s and memory B 独房s that can recognise the unique 構成要素s of the ウイルス also 示す 事前の 感染 but are harder to 手段.
The presence of antibodies does not always 予報する the presence of 明確な／細部 T 独房s or memory B 独房s.
? What does 効果的な 免疫 to coronavirus look like?
Th e 初期の 免疫の 返答 appears to correlate with severity of 病気 ? the more 厳しい the illness someone experiences, the stronger their 免疫の 返答.
However, in some 事例／患者s the 免疫の 返答 itself is pathogenic, for example producing antibodies that 損失 tissue, or inducing 過度の inflammation.
? What 割合 of 感染させるd individuals 開始する an 効果的な 免疫の 返答?
熟考する／考慮するs 示唆する the 大多数 of people who have a 確認するd 感染 have some form of 免疫の 返答 but whether this is 効果的な at 妨げるing reinfection is not 平易な to 決定する.
研究 示すd a large 大多数 of 回復するd 患者s have detectable antibodies for several weeks or months after their 感染.
? Can 免疫 be lost?
Yes. Antibody levels can 拒絶する／低下する over time.
But even if antibodies are lost, 免疫 can be 反動的なd. Antibody-secreting 独房s can be 新たにするd from the memory B 独房 全住民, with help from memory T 独房s, if the person 遭遇（する）s the ウイルス again (either 自然に or by ワクチン接種, or booster ワクチン接種).
? How long does this 免疫 last??
現在／一般に, the best marker of 保護 from 未来 病気 is the level of neutralising antibody in the 血.
This is the 構成要素 of the antibody repertoire that can stop viral 入ること／参加（者） into 独房s.
While a 拒絶する／低下する in neutralising antibody is seen, it can 固執する in individuals for at least eight months, and かもしれない longer, after 感染, 研究 has 示すd.
? So could someone with an 免疫の 返答 be given an 免疫 パスポート and 許すd to carry with life as normal?
Because each person has a different 免疫の 返答, and 免疫 may 病弱な over time, an 免疫 パスポート could only be 問題／発行するd if there were 正確な ways of 手段ing 免疫 to 感染 and knowing how long it will last.
専門家s say there is not enough data to 正確に 予報する an individual’s level and duration of 保護 from Sars-CoV-2 for an 免疫 パスポート.
? Can people get reinfected with coronavirus?
Yes, but it is not very ありふれた.
Reinfection depends upon the level of 免疫 a person 伸び（る）s from the first 感染 and the level of likely （危険などに）さらす 予定 to social and working 環境s.
? What 肉親，親類d of 保護 do Covid-19 ワクチンs 供給する?
So far we know the ワクチンs from Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, Oxford/AstraZeneca, Novovax and Johnson & Johnson are 効果的な at stopping people from getting sick.
Not much is known about whether the jabs stop 伝達／伝染 of the ウイルス, but data from the University of Oxford 示唆するs the AstraZeneca ワクチン may 減ずる 伝達／伝染 by 67%.
? Will ワクチンs work on everyone?
Some people might not be able to 生成する an 免疫の 返答 after ワクチン接種.
It is thought older people and immuno-妥協d people might not have as good an 免疫の 返答 to coronavirus 感染, and they may 類似して be いっそう少なく likely to see as strong an 免疫の 返答 to a ワクチン compared with someone young and healthy.
However data from Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna and Oxford/AstraZeneca 示唆するs ワクチンs 生成する 類似の 免疫の 返答s in older and younger people.
There is 限られた／立憲的な efficacy data for older individuals at 現在の, but this will continue to be 評価するd.
非，不，無 of the 裁判，公判s 入会させるd immuno-妥協d individuals, so there is no data 評価するing the 免疫の 返答s or efficacy in these groups.
But ワクチン接種 is still recommended as immuno-妥協d people may be at higher 危険 of 厳しい Covid-19.
? How long will 免疫 from ワクチン接種 last?
This is not yet known, but it is thought it will be at least a year. 研究員s agree it is likely people will need to be revaccinated every year.
? How do we 達成する herd 免疫?
Herd 免疫 is when 伝達／伝染 of t he ウイルス within a 全住民 is markedly 減ずるd 予定 to the high 割合 of people who are already 免疫の either through ワクチン接種 or 事前の 感染.
If enough people in the 全住民 are 免疫の, the ウイルス remains at low or undetectable levels, thus 保護するing anyone who is not yet vaccinated.
In essence, the number of people 要求するd to have 免疫 is deduced from a mathematical 決まり文句／製法 扶養家族 on the R value for the ウイルス.
In the 事例／患者 of coronavirus and ワクチン efficacies だいたい equal to 95%, it is 概算の that 63?75% of people need to be 免疫の to 供給する herd 免疫.
A high uptake of ワクチンs, or 普及した natural 免疫 に引き続いて 感染, is needed to 達成する this.
Some 一般的に used words when talking about 免疫, and what they mean:
Antibodies ? large Y-形態／調整d proteins produced by B 独房s. They 行為／法令／行動する to neutralise 侵略するing pathogens such as the Sars-CoV-2 ウイルス. They can also signal to other 独房s to help them recognise pathogens.
Antigen ? a 実体 that 誘発する／引き起こすs the 団体／死体 to produce antibodies against it.
B 独房 ? a type of white 血 独房 that produces antibodies as part of the adaptive 免疫の system.
T 独房 ? also known as T lymphocytes, T 独房s are a type of white 血 独房 that 決定するs the specificity of 免疫の 返答 to antigens in the 団体／死体.
Adaptive 免疫 ? a subsystem of the 免疫の system which 構成するs specialised 独房s and 過程s, and 除去するs pathogens by 妨げるing their 増殖 in the 団体／死体.
保護の 免疫 ? 免疫 conferred by an 免疫の 返答 which gives 保護 against an 感染性の 病気. It will not 妨げる person-to-person 伝達／伝染.
Sterilising 免疫 ? 免疫 in which the 免疫の system can 妨げる the replication of a pathogen within the 団体／死体. It will 妨げる person-to-person 伝達／伝染.
