気候 訴訟s turn to human 権利s in search of 司法（官）
More 気候 litigation now using human 権利s as basis
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Countries, companies 直面する 気候 訴訟s across 国境s
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Companies can work with communities to 削減（する） 合法的な 危険s
By Michael Taylor and Roli Srivastava
KUALA LUMPUR/MUMBAI June 8 (Thomson Reuters 創立／基礎) - I ndonesian fisherman Radith Giantiano is still 苦しむing the fallout of 熱帯の サイクロン Seroja two years after it 荒廃させるd his 沿岸の community with 強い雨s, floods and 地滑りs.
The 30-year-old from Kupang in the eastern 州 of East Nusa Tenggara has since seen his fishing catch 縮む after the サイクロン 損失d 珊瑚 暗礁s, sunk boats and destroyed homes. Seroja - one of the most powerful サイクロンs to ever 攻撃する，衝突する Indonesia - killed more than 160 people 全国的な in April 2021.
But rather than just wait for the next 気候 災害 to land, Giantiano is one of 13 原告，告訴人s looking to take 合法的な 活動／戦闘 against the Indonesian 政府 - part of a 全世界の 傾向 of 気候 litigation based on human 権利s 違反s.
The 原告，告訴人s - made up of 青年s and communities from across Indonesia - （人命などを）奪う，主張する the 政府 has 侵害する／違反するd their human 権利s under the 憲法, as they 直面する life-脅すing challenges, and 逆の 衝撃s to their health, education, 暮らしs, food and water 供給（する）s 予定 to 気候 change.
Giantiano said the goal was to show the 政府 that the "気候 危機 has already happened to us", and that Seroja "should really be a lesson" - 勧めるing them to listen to their （民事の）告訴s and 準備する better for 未来 気候 災害s.
気候 訴訟s 世界的な have more than 二塁打d since 2015, totalling just over 1,400 事例／患者s, によれば a 報告（する）／憶測 published in April by 危険 consultancy Verisk Maplecroft.
Used to 施行する or 高める 気候 かかわり合いs by countries and companies, such 事例／患者s no longer just 的 化石 燃料 産業s but also 部門s such as 農業, 航空, 輸送（する）, plastics and 財政／金融, によれば Will Nichols, 長，率いる of 気候 and resilience at Verisk Maplecroft.
But with 限られた／立憲的な success 率s to date, 行動主義者s are ますます turning to human 権利s 法律s as the basis of 気候 litigation - be it through international, 国家の or 地元の 法廷，裁判所s, he said.
上げるd by the U.N. General 議会 決意／決議 宣言するing the 権利 to a healthy 環境 a human 権利 in July 2022, 選挙運動者s and lawyers are using these basic 権利s - such as a clean and healthy 環境 that are often enshrined in 憲法s or in international 法律 - to 開始する，打ち上げる 訴訟s.
Forty such 事例／患者s were brought between 2015 and 2020, 特に in nations or 明言する／公表するs that have 保証（人）d 権利s to a healthy 環境 in their 憲法s or 地元の and 国家の 法律s, によれば Verisk Maplecroft.
"The pivot that these 行動主義者s have taken is to start using human 権利s 法律," London-based Nichols said in an interview. "It seems to be a newer approach."
CLIMATE LAWSUITS IGNORE NATIONAL BOUNDARIES
In late 2021, the U.N. Human 権利s 会議 recognised 接近 to a clean and healthy 環境 as a 根底となる 権利, 正式に 追加するing its 負わせる to the 全世界の fight against 気候 change.
Then, in March this year, the International 法廷，裁判所 of 司法（官） - the world's 最高の，を越す 法廷，裁判所 - was 権力を与えるd to define the 義務s of 明言する／公表するs to 戦闘 気候 change - a 合法的な opinion that could 運動 countries to take stronger meas ures.
以前, 気候 行動主義者s were also emboldened by a 目印 判決，裁定 by a Dutch 法廷，裁判所 in May 2021 that ordered energy 巨大（な） 王室の Dutch 爆撃する to 徹底的に 深くする planned 温室 gas 放出／発行 削減（する）s, によれば Nichols of Verisk Maplecroft.
最高潮の場面ing the 転換, the European 法廷，裁判所 of Human 権利s will hear three 気候 事例／患者s based on human 権利s this year, with more than 30 European countries （刑事）被告 of （規則などを）破る／侵害するing 国民s' 権利s by failing to 行為／法令／行動する on 気候 change.
"This is something companies need to be ますます aware of," said Nichols, 追加するing that there are around 150 countries that have some sort of 権利 to a clean 環境 as a 憲法の 権利.
Such litigation will likely 焦点（を合わせる） on nations such as India Indonesia, and Nigeria, which have いっそう少なく 強健な 法廷，裁判所s, poor 気候 記録，記録的な／記録するs, 限られた／立憲的な 環境の 保護s, and often an 豊富 of natural 資源s, によれば Nichols.
最近の examples 含む a 訴訟 とじ込み／提出するd by a group of Torres 海峡 Islanders against the Australian 政府, and a （民事の）告訴 brought to a スイスの 法廷，裁判所 by several Indonesian 居住（者）s against the world's 最高の，を越す 固く結び付ける-製造者 Holcim, he said.
To mitigate litigation 危険s, Nichols said 会社／堅いs should engage with 地元の communities and people 衝撃d by their 操作／手術s to became a "good 隣人", and 警告するd that they could 直面する 訴訟s in countries where they are headquartered.
"We're starting to see more extra-領土の litigation, so companies 存在 taken to 法廷，裁判所 in European countries even though the offence, as it were, is taking place どこかよそで," he said.
"They could come for you on your home patch, as it were. There are a lot of different frontiers of 危険."
YOUNG CLIMATE LEADERS DRIVE ACTION IN IN DIA AND INDONESIA
For Indian 十代の少年少女 Ridhima Pandey, the death and 破壊 原因（となる）d by flash floods in the northern 明言する／公表する of Uttarakhand in 2013 動機づけるd her to take 合法的な 活動／戦闘.
Pandey was nine when she 告訴するd the Indian 政府 in 2017 - 説 it had failed to 器具／実施する its 環境 法律s.
The 合法的な 活動／戦闘 called on the 国家の Green 法廷 of India - a special 法廷，裁判所 for 環境-関係のある 事例／患者s - to direct the 政府 "to take 効果的な, science-based 活動／戦闘 to 減ずる and minimise the 逆の 衝撃s of 気候 change".
Her 嘆願（書） was 解任するd in 2019, but Pandey then took it to the 最高裁判所, where it is 現在／一般に 未解決の.
The now 15-year-old 気候 行動主義者 said that while 研究ing 気候 change, she made the 関係 between the 活動／戦闘s of older 世代s and the human 権利s of children 存在 侵害する／違反するd.
"My life will change, my 世代 will 苦しむ in the coming years and we are not the ones creating problems. I 設立する nobody cared and that is why I 手配中の，お尋ね者 to do something," she said.
"年上のs are said to have all the sense and they are meant to teach but they were doing the total opposite for me, which is why I とじ込み／提出するd this 嘆願（書）."
In Indonesia, 選挙運動者s began to brainstorm with green groups about possible 気候 litigation in 2021, said Melissa Kowara, an 行動主義者 with 絶滅 反乱 and 青年-led 連合 group Jeda Untuk Iklim ("Strike for 気候").
They 招待するd the public to 答える／応じる to questionnaires online, 接触するd communities 衝撃d by 気候 災害s, and asked lawyers from 合法的な 非，不，無-利益（をあげる）s to help build the 事例／患者, she said.
The （民事の）告訴 is 捜し出すing the 支援 of the country's human 権利s （売買）手数料，委託（する）／委員会／権限 to give it mor e 信用性, with the 目的（とする） of とじ込み／提出するing a 合法的な challenge in 12 to 18 months time.
"Our 事例／患者 says that the 政府 has the 責任／義務 to 支持する our basic human 権利s," said Kowara, who has a 重要な 役割 準備するing the 合法的な 活動／戦闘 伴う／関わるing the fisherman Giantiano.
"(These) 含む water, food, safety, health, life, education - and all the things that are going to be 脅すd by the 気候 危機."
Giantiano, who began fishing 老年の 10 after 存在 taught by his grandfather, said that the マグロ and mackerel he catches are now becoming ますます hard to find, 軍隊ing him to fish その上の out to sea in rougher waters.
"We want a life in the 未来 that is better than now," he said, 追加するing that he was worried about 未来 世代s.
"We already tried to reach the 政府 ... Maybe by going through these (合法的な) channels, we can finally be heard." (報告（する）／憶測ing by Michael Taylor in Kuala Lumpur and Roli Srivastava in Mumbai; Editing by Kieran Guilbert and Laurie Goering. The Thomson Reuters 創立／基礎 is the charitable arm of Thomson Reuters. Visit https://www.状況.news/)
