Euro zone companies come home as Asian costs rise
By Valentina Za
MILAN, Dec 1 (Reuters) - After years of moving 生産／産物 to Asia, some European companies are に引き続いて the example of their U.S. 相当するものs and coming home.
決定／判定勝ち（する）s by the likes of Italian leather goods brand Piquadro SpA and 殴打／砲列 製造者 FIAMM SpA to 上げる 生産／産物 at home do not 示す a 逆転 of the "off-shoring" 現象 that has 形態／調整d 全世界の 商売／仕事 for two １０年間s.
But companies are tiptoeing 支援する to their home 地域s, driven by rising salaries in 中国 that are eating away at the 利益（をあげる） 利ざやs that once 誘惑するd them abroad. They are 重さを計るing the still lower but climbing 製造業の costs abroad against the difficulty of 監督するing 生産／産物 far from home, 加える the cost and time taken to get goods to Western markets.
"Reshoring" is 存在 led by 着せる／賦与するing, footwear and electronics companies, partly because they are rediscovering the cachet of the "Made in Europe" label. But in Spain, for example, depressed 行う levels since the euro zone 危機 have also 誘発するd foreign car 会社／堅いs to open 生産／産物 lines there.
A PricewaterhouseCoopers 調査する of 384 euro zone 非，不，無-財政上の companies last month 設立する almost 60 パーセント had reshored some 操作／手術s, おもに 生産／産物, over the past year, against 55 パーセント which had done the opposite. Italy topped the reshoring 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる） with 44 companies, while Ireland, Germany and Spain also featured prominently.
Luciano Fratocchi, a professor of 管理／経営 and 工学 at Italy's L'Aquila University, said reshoring has become part of companies' 生き残り 戦略s since the 経済的な 危機.
Many Italian 会社／堅いs have 減ずるd or 精密検査するd their 生産／産物 lines because of 落ちるing 需要・要求する, concentrating their remaining 製造業の closer to 的 markets.
Of the around 450 移転s analysed by Fratocchi since 2007, Italy has accounted for 概略で a fifth, second only to the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs which had the lion's 株 with nearly half.
In Spain, 貿易（する） unions have 受託するd 柔軟な working practices and salary 凍結するs 予定 to high 失業, encouraging companies such as Ford モーター Co and PSA Peugeot Citroen SA to open 議会 lines.
The 傾向 has 影響する／感情d even countries which 天候d the 危機 比較して 井戸／弁護士席. German 中央の-sized companies like 世帯 goods brand Fackelmann and chainsaw 製造者 Stihl have also reshored 生産／産物. High-end teddy 耐える 製造者 Steiff 発表するd in 2008 that it was returning 生産／産物 from 中国 because it had 質 problems and 輸送（する） took too long.
Often, however, rising 給料 in Asia are the main factor. によれば 協議するing 会社／堅い AlixPartners, 公式の／役人 data show 中国's 普通の／平均（する） 給料 in 製造業の rose 364 パーセント between 2004 and 2014, albeit from a far lower base than in Europe.
The biggest 狭くするing of the 行う gap is in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs. Boston 協議するing Group (BCG) said 製造業の costs in 中国 are only 4 パーセント below those in the 部隊d 明言する／公表するs, compared with 14 パーセント in 2004.
TIMING AND BRANDING
Italian 給料 have risen 刻々と over the past １０年間, にもかかわらず periodic 後退，不況s, and 全体にわたる 製造業の costs remain almost 30 パーセント higher than in 中国, によれば BCG.
Piquadro 大統領 Marco Palmieri says the 普通の／平均（する） 月毎の salary of the 会社／堅い's Italian factory 労働者s is five times the Chinese level. But this gap was around 16 times in 2008, while (n)役員／(a)執行力のある 支払う／賃金 is now the same in both countries.
Piquadro's Italian 生産／産物 is about a third more 高くつく／犠牲の大きい than at its Chinese factories. But Palmieri says this is partly 相殺する by high 輸送（する） costs from Asia and 輸入関税.
Shipping from 中国 also takes more time, a 障害（者） for fashion companies whose 顧客s want the 最新の 製品s 急速な／放蕩な. Piquadro therefore decided 1-1/2 years ago to make its Sartoria line of 捕らえる、獲得するs 近づく Pisa, の近くに to its leather 供給者s.
"Chinese factories are designed to 扱う large 容積／容量s: we ますます need smaller 容積／容量s of a much larger variety of 製品s. And we're also under 圧力 to 減ずる the time-to-market of our 製品s," Palmieri says, 追加するing that the "Made in Italy" label is a 加える for his higher-end 捕らえる、獲得するs.
While fashion companies form the 本体，大部分／ばら積みの of those that have reshored to Italy, other 生産者s are changing 戦略 too.
Car 殴打／砲列 製造者 FIAMM shut one of its two 工場／植物s in the Czech 共和国 five years ago and decided to keep open a factory in Avezzano, in Italy's central Abruzzo 地域 攻撃する，衝突する by an 地震 in 2009, 投資するing 30 million euros to 昇格 it.
FIAMM 大統領 Stefano Dolcetta said high staff turnover was a problem in the Czech 共和国. 生産性 was low and the number of 欠陥のある items high.
In Avezzano, even after a 20 パーセント 削減（する） agreed with 貿易（する） unions, hourly 労働 costs are 19 euros ($24), compared with 5 euros in the Czech 共和国. Still, Dolcetta says higher 生産性 and より小数の discarded items （不足などを）補う half the gap.
"Many have 沖合いの／海外のd 生産／産物 only to discover how difficult it can be to run a 工場／植物 that's far away," he said. (1 US dollar = 0.8010 euro) (付加 報告（する）／憶測ing by Maria Sheahan in Frankfurt, Gavin Jones in Rome, Silvia Ognibene in Florence, editing by Alessandra Galloni and David Stamp)
