For police 改革者s, California city shows a rough road
By Dan Levine
OAKLAND, Calif., Dec 14 (Reuters) - In 2000, police in Oakland, California became a symbol of the worst of American 法律 施行 after a 禁止（する）d of rogue officers known as "The Riders" were （刑事）被告 of （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域ing 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うs, 工場／植物ing 証拠 and falsifying 報告（する）／憶測s.
Today, as an 激しい抗議 over police 殺人，大当りs and 過度の 軍隊 spreads across the country, Oakland's police are becoming known for something else: 抑制 and 改革（する）.
Under scrutiny by a 法廷，裁判所-ordered 外部の 監視する and 脅すd with 連邦の receivership, Oakland's 14-year 旅行 from 悪名高い 法律 施行 機関 to 改革（する）-minded department illustrates the difficulty of changing the way police operate at time of 国家の soul-searching over 激しい 手渡すd police 策略.
Using a new computer system to 監視する police, Oakland may be an 指示する人（物） of what lies ahead for Ferguson, Missouri, and other U.S. cities whose officers 直面する 開始するing public 不信 and the perception that they operate with impunity in the 狙撃 of 黒人／ボイコット 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うs.
In Oakland, no one has been 発射 by its police in 18 months, a 調印する of change in a city that 普通の／平均（する）d 13 police 狙撃s a year between 1993 and 2003, and nine per year between 2004 and 2012, によれば Oakland Police data 供給するd to Oakland Police （警官の）巡回区域，受持ち区域, a news website, and 分析するd by Reuters.
連邦の civil 権利s 訴訟s over police 乱用s have also 急落するd, によれば Westlaw data 収集するd by Reuters.
"People have noticed," said Rev. Damita Davis-Howard, a community 行動主義者 in the ethnically diverse city of 400,000 on San Francisco Bay. "People are talking about the fact that given what happened in Ferguson, there has not been an OPD 出来事/事件 in 18 months," Davis-Howard said, using an abbreviation for the police department.
But change has been painfully slow since the four officers in the "Riders" 事例／患者 were （刑事）被告 of robbing 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うs while working the night 転換 in West Oakland, a 罪，犯罪-疫病／悩ますd area that was the historical birthplace of the 黒人／ボイコット Panther Party, a 過激な 黒人／ボイコット 権利s group, in the 1960s.
The officers were never 罪人／有罪を宣告するd of a 罪，犯罪 but the city paid 119 犠牲者s a total of $10.9 million to settle 損失 控訴s and agreed to 改革（する）s in 2003, overseen by a 連邦の 裁判官.
Over the next １０年間, Oakland police 長，指導者s struggled to 会合，会う 改革（する） （判断の）基準s まっただ中に several high-profile police 殺人，大当りs that fanned 黒人／ボイコット-white racial 緊張s, some with similarities to the 事例／患者 of Michael Brown, the 非武装の 18-year-old whose 狙撃 in Ferguson 誘発するd weeks of 抗議するs.
TIPPING POINT
Like Ferguson, Oakland's police have long 直面するd 告訴，告発s of racial bias. Between 2004 and 2008, 16 of 24 people killed in police 狙撃s were 黒人／ボイコット; 非，不，無 were white. And while 黒人／ボイコットs 代表する about 30 パーセント of Oakland's 全住民, they made up 67 パーセント of 致命的な police 狙撃s in that period.
A tipping point （機の）カム in 2012 when a San Francisco 連邦の 裁判官 脅すd to place the entire Oakland Police Department under receivership in 返答 to nearly a １０年間 of 不十分な 試みる／企てるs to 従う with the Riders 解決／入植地.
In December 2012, the 裁判官 任命するd a 同意／服従 director with 幅の広い oversight 力／強力にするs. Five months later, the department went through three police 長，指導者s in three days. Out of that 大混乱 現れるd 長，指導者 Sean Whent, an 18-year department 退役軍人 who 開始する，打ち上げるd a 一連の 改革（する）s.
Whent introduced a computer system that can 跡をつける the activity of police officers, 含むing all uses of 軍隊, 国民 （民事の）告訴s and 訴訟s. A special board now reviews instances where officers use 軍隊 and 決定するs whether they followed 政策. It is also trying to 取り組む data about the race of people stopped by police.
Police 狙撃s stopped. And a long wave of 訴訟s 告発する／非難するing the police of 不品行／姦通 appears to be receding. In 2012, the city was 指名するd as a 被告 in 19 new 連邦の civil 権利s 事例／患者s 伴う／関わるing the police, but that number has fallen to just six so far this year, the Westlaw data show.
"We have gotten より小数の calls of 関心 about the Oakland Police Department," said Michael Haddad, a civil 権利s lawyer who 告訴するd the OPD over police （土地などの）細長い一片 searches of 嫌疑者，容疑者／疑うs on the street. "We used to get more calls about 狙撃s and just incidental use of 軍隊."
Robert Weisberg, a 犯罪の 司法（官） professor at Stanford 法律 School, said Oakland's experience illustrates how police departments often need strict 支配（する）／統制するs, 堅い scrutiny and even 脅しs of 罰 to change the 行為 of officers.
"Once a police department feels it has a 複雑にするd 同意／服従 決まり文句／製法 to obey, and once it translates that 負かす／撃墜する to street police, police tend to 行為／法令／行動する more responsibly, they really do," he said. "There really has to be a 脅し."
After 令状ing three years of 批判的な 年４回の 報告（する）／憶測s on the OPD, 独立した・無所属 監視する Robert Warshaw 公式文書，認めるd a "sligh t 改良" in July 2013. His 最新の 報告（する）／憶測 on Dec. 1 commended the department's "安定した 進歩."
"But the 成果／努力s must go on," Warshaw wrote, 警告を与えるing that the Oakland Police Department must, for instance, make sure it does not stop and 拘留する 黒人／ボイコット and Latino 居住（者）s at 不均衡な higher 率s.
支えるing the change could be difficult. While some of Oakland's 近隣s are 速く gentrifying, thanks to a tech にわか景気 in the Bay Area, 罪，犯罪 remains endemic in other areas and some members of the police say the 改革（する）s could 土台を崩す their ability to fight that.
Michael Rains, an 弁護士／代理人／検事 who 代表するs police officers, has 率直に 非難するd 改革（する）s. He said the 激しい oversight has made Oakland police much いっそう少なく 積極的な in proactively going after 犯罪のs, 予定 to the 恐れる of second guessing from the 法廷，裁判所 and 独断的な discipline.
"I don't think you're seeing, today, an enthusiastic 態度 by officers to jump out of the car," Rains said.
On Oakland's streets, 疑惑s run 深い. Taylor Johnson, 24, said some police officers can be friendly but not always. "I think it's about how they feel in that moment," she said. (付加 報告（する）／憶測ing by Howard Schneider and Jason Szep in Washington. Editing by Jason Szep and Ross Colvin)
