INSIGHT-一族／派閥 戦争 trumps 外交 in Mali's 壊れやすい north
By Emma Farge
GAO, Aug 30 (Reuters) - The 国際連合 has （軍隊を）展開する，配備するd 10,000 （国連の）平和維持軍s and 注ぐd more than $1 billion into Mali but its 成果／努力s to end a three-year 衝突 are 脅すd by the reemergence of a centuries-old 競争 between Tuareg 一族／派閥s.
The U.N. 安全 会議 新たにするd the 委任統治（領） of its Mali 軍隊 (MINUSMA) in June in the hope that it could 施行する a peace 取引，協定 調印するd that month in the West African nation, にもかかわらず 苦しむing the highest 率 of losses of any active peacekeeping 使節団.
The 取引，協定, 調印するd by both プロの／賛成の- and anti-政府 Tuareg-led 民兵s, 想像するd the 精密検査する of the Malian army to 会社にする／組み込む the 民兵 闘士，戦闘機s and its return to the 砂漠 north, much of which is controlled by the Tuareg groups.
The army's redeployment is supposed to 許す it to 取り組む Islamist 交戦的なs scattered, but not 敗北・負かすd, by French 軍隊／機動隊s after they ハイジャック（する）d a Tuareg 反乱 in 2012.
Now, a resurgence in fighting between the Tuaregs, who in total 代表する just 5 パーセント of Mali's 15 million people, could 難破させる everything.
外交官s say buy-in from the northern 武装した groups was always weak because the Algeria-仲買人d 取引，協定, reached after months of （特使を使っての）往復外交, was seen as a foreign 課税.
"The 根底となる problem is that 関係者s don't think this 協定 can 解決する the 緊張s that hav e always 存在するd in the north," said ジーンズ-Herve Jezequel, 上級の Sahel 分析家 at International 危機 Group.
"They think that it's really the 軍隊 of 武器 that counts."
In 反抗 of the peace 協定, the 壇・綱領・公約 同盟 of プロの／賛成の-政府 民兵s has been 掴むing 領土 in northern Mali and taking 復讐 on its 競争相手 while 当局 in Bamako look the other way, 安全 sources say.
The leader of the main プロの／賛成の-政府 民兵 GATIA, General El Hadj Ag Gamou, is a former mercenary who fought for Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and a member of the Imghad 一族／派閥.
力／強力にする tipped away from the Inghads in favour of the Ifogha 一族／派閥 when 闘士，戦闘機s from Libya returned after the 2011 革命 to form a 明言する／公表する they call Azawad. Arabs have also 選ぶd 味方するs and some former jihadists have joined them.
衝突／不一致s broke out between Gamou's 民兵 and the Ifogha-led 分離主義者 同盟, the 調整 of Azawad Movements (CMA), this month about 80 kilometres 南西 of 反逆者／反逆する 要塞／本拠地 Kidal, 殺人，大当り at least 20 people.
Sources in Kidal have 報告（する）／憶測d an influx of 闘士，戦闘機s in 最近の days in 選ぶ-up トラックで運ぶs from Libya and Algeria, resulting in a possible CMA 反対する-attack.
"We will defend ourselves and our 全住民s," CMA leader Bilal Ag Cherif told Reuters this week.
FORCED DISPLACEMENT
MINUSMA sources 跡をつけるing 同意／服従 with the peace 取引，協定 said they first noticed GATIA 軍隊／機動隊s moving north に向かって Kidal in 早期に July.
初期の findings of the U.N. human 権利s team 支援するd by MINUSMA 空中の （映画の）フィート数 seen by Reuters show 軍隊d 排水（気）量 s and daylight 死刑執行s of 競争相手 clansmen by GATIA 軍隊s in several villages in the Gao 地域.
GATIA's 長官 General Fahad Ag Almahoud 否定するs 責任／義務 for the 出来事/事件s, 説 they are 予定 to "intercommunal 緊張s".
"We think the Malian army should hurry up and return and normalise the 状況／情勢," he told Reuters. CMA 闘士，戦闘機s are also （刑事）被告 of 逮捕（する）s and 略奪するing in the same area before June.
安全 sources and 分析家s say old 競争s are 存在 stirred by 競争 for 支配（する）／統制する of trafficking 回廊（地帯）s for both コカイン and 合法的な goods like food and cigarettes north to Algeria and east to Niger.
"Gamou would like to get 支援する the position he had before the 反乱 with 支配（する）／統制する over trafficking. He wants a fiefdom," said Profesor Jeremy Keenan, editor of Menas Associates' Sahara 焦点（を合わせる） 出版（物）.
拡大 may 利益 武装した groups if the peace 取引，協定 proceeds as 重要な army 地位，任命するs and 開発 基金ing are 推定する／予想するd to be 分配するd to Tuareg and Arab communities.
U.N. Special （外交）使節／代表 for the Mali 使節団, Mongi Hamdi, 見積（る）s that 器具／実施するing the 取引，協定 will cost an 付加 $1-$2 billion over two-three years.
While Gamou is 表面上は loyal to Bamako, 分析家s say he is ありそうもない to take direct orders. Many believe that even though 大統領 Ibrahim Boubacar Keita's 政府 has 非難するd the 占領／職業 of Anefis, it is やめる happy to 許す GATIA to do its dirty work in the north.
"The 政府 doesn't want peace in the north," said Keenan. "It wants its own 支援する on the 反逆者／反逆するs and is thanking its lucky 星／主役にするs GATIA is there."
"PRISONERS IN THEIR OWN VIL LAGES"
より悪くするing 安全 in the north is slowing the return of the army and 政府 公式の／役人s who have been 軍隊d to leave Kidal. MINUSMA, seen as a soft 的 for Islamist 交戦的なs, has （軍の）野営地，陣営s in major towns but a weak presence in the 砂漠.
援助（する） 労働者s are struggling to 配達する help to the more than 3 million Malians みなすd food insecure, 含むing tens of thousands 追い出すd by fighting.
"People are 囚人s in their own villages," said Eric Bertin Mukam, a human 権利s officer with MINUSMA in Gao.
にもかかわらず more than 3 billion euros in 援助（する） 誓約（する）d for 再建 at Keita's 選挙 in 2013, the streets of Gao are so 十分な of potholes that cars take a 平行の dirt 跡をつける.
Kidal's airport 滑走路 is shut because it is ひどく 地雷d, 安全 sources say.
MINUSMA is 器具／実施するing a 一連の "早い 衝撃 事業／計画（する）s" to 改善する 組織／基盤／下部構造, 接近 to healthcare and electricity.
But many are not seeing the 影響s.
"I don't know who my 明言する／公表する is," said Farock Ag Foukana, 副 市長 of Talataye, 近づく Gao. "I 港／避難所't seen any 当局. Since 2012, there is nothing." (令状ing by Emma Farge; Editing by Anna Willard)
