As Trump visits, 湾 明言する／公表するs seen 静かに 抑制（する）ing 対立
By Sami Aboudi
DUBAI, May 19 (Reuters) - U.S. 大統領 Donald Trump, 出発／死ing from his 前任者's practice, is 推定する／予想するd to sidestep human 権利s questions when he 会合，会うs 湾 Arab leaders at the 週末 and 焦点（を合わせる）, to the 狼狽 of beleaguered 政府 critics, on 商売／仕事 and 安全.
Civil liberties 監視するs point to freedom of 表現 as a 権利 ますます constrained in 湾 Arab 明言する／公表するs 含むing 首脳会議 host Saudi Arabia, which is planning to buy tens of billions of dollars' 価値（がある） of U.S. 武器.
湾 Arab 明言する／公表するs began stepping up the muffling of political discussion in the dying months of former 大統領，／社長 Barack Obama's 称する，呼ぶ／期間／用語 and have continued this under Trump, they say.
"Given Trump´s tenuous 関係 with freedom of the 圧力（をかける） and 解放する／自由な 表現 in general, we have no 期待 that Trump would raise these 問題／発行するs during his visit," said Adam Coogle, Middle East 研究員 at Human 権利s Watch.
In Washington, a 上級の Trump 行政 公式の／役人 said human 権利s would not take centre 行う／開催する／段階 in Riyadh, where Arab leaders are 推定する／予想するd to discuss 戦闘ing Islamist militancy and what they see as the growing 影響（力） of adversary Iran.
The 公式の／役人 said Trump preferred to keep such conversations 私的な, much as he did with Egyptian 大統領 Abdel Fattah al-Sisi recently when he 得るd the 解放（する） of an Egyptian-American 人道的な 労働者.
Trump's visit is likely to contrast with one Obama paid to Egypt in 2009 when he made an 控訴，上告 to the イスラム教徒 world 促進するing self-決意, 僕主主義 and individual 権利s.
The Saudis "don't want any more talk about human 権利s, 僕主主義, political 改革（する） or gender equality. They had enough of that from Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton," said Bruce Riedel of the Brookings 会・原則 think 戦車／タンク in Washington.
"They're pretty 確信して they're not going to hear it from Donald Trump."
While 専門家s are not surprised, since the 湾 明言する／公表するs' 君主国s abhor discord and dislike 解放する／自由な-wheeling political 審議 as practised in the West, they are にもかかわらず 狼狽d.
The 生産（高） of several columnists, 経済学者s and 聖職者のs in 地域の powerhouse Saudi Arabia and some of its smaller 隣人s has either 乾燥した，日照りのd up or grown circumspect since the second half of 2016 in what critics see as an unacknowledged 明言する／公表する 運動 to stifle public 批評, 権利s 監視するs say.
の中で those who have fallen silent are critics, both 自由主義の and 保守的な, of the kingdom's ambitious 計画（する） to diversify the economy and open up the country culturally under a 計画（する） known as 見通し 2030.
Until late last year Saudi writer Jamal Khashoggi commented about 問題／発行するs 含むing Trump's rise to 力／強力にする on social マスコミ and a column in the pan-Arab al-Hayat daily. He also spoke in public 外見s at think 戦車／タンクs.
In December, news 循環させるd on social マスコミ that Kashoggi, former editor of the Arabic-language al-Watan daily, one of the kingdom's 最高の，を越す newspapers, had been ordered to stop 令状ing or Tweeting. His account has been silent since November last year.
Khashoggi 拒絶する／低下するd to comment on the 報告（する）／憶測d 禁止（する）.
DISSENTING VOICES
Since the 2011 Arab Spring, 湾 明言する／公表するs have stepped up 成果／努力s to 抑制（する） dissent with 堅い new cybercrime 法律s, 宣告，判決ing 違反者／犯罪者s to 刑務所，拘置所 条件 for Web 地位，任命するs みなすd 侮辱ing to 支配者s or 脅すing to public order.
But in the past two years, unnerved by low oil prices and the slow 進歩 of a war in Yemen 的ing the 影響（力） of arch 敵 Iran, 湾 当局 became even いっそう少なく 患者 with dissenting 発言する／表明するs in the マスコミ, 分析家s and 権利s groups say.
Madawi Al-Rasheed, visiting professor at the Middle East Centre, London School of 経済的なs, said Riyadh was engaged in an 成果／努力 to muzzle 知識人s with "dissenting 発言する／表明するs".
"There are so many of them, both men and women, who have left the kingdom," she said.
行動主義者s say muzzled writers 含む 経済学者 s, academics, columnists and イスラム教徒 聖職者のs. There are no 正確な 人物／姿／数字s on how many have been 影響する／感情d, but 見積（る）s by 行動主義者s put the number at more than 20 from Saudi Arabia alone.
While some were 単に advised not to 空気／公表する their 見解（をとる）s on social マスコミ, more 声の critics have 設立する themselves behind 妨げる／法廷，弁護士業s, 直面するing possible 起訴，告発s on 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s such as disobeying the 支配者 or incitement against the 明言する／公表する, 権利s 行動主義者s say.
"The 追跡 by 安全 is 増加するing 速く and ... it is 殺人，大当り the 発言する／表明する of moderation," said Walid Sulais, a Saudi 権利s 行動主義者 who fled abroad in late 2016 after 当局 召喚するd him for 尋問 over his 権利s work.
PRESSURES
湾 Arab 公式の／役人s did not 答える／応じる to requests for comment on the 問題／発行する of 解放する／自由な 表現. But asked about the 推定する／予想するd absence of human 権利s from Trump's 協議事項, Saudi 外務大臣 Adel al-Jubeir said the 問題／発行する was one of 鮮明度／定義.
"We look at human 権利s as the 権利 to safety, the 権利 to a decent life, the 権利 to a 職業, the 権利 to food. We see it as the 権利 to live your life without people 課すing on you," he told a news 会議／協議会 on Thursday.
"Every Saudi has the 権利 to 嘆願（書） his 君主 or the 知事s. The doors of our leaders are open. We have built 会・原則s. We have a 栄えるing 圧力（をかける） 軍団. We have a 諮問の 会議 that started with 60 members, today it has 150 members, and 30 of them are ladies, distinguished ladies."
湾 明言する／公表するs have ますます chafed at what they see as a （選挙などの）運動をする of vilification by Western マスコミ and 権利s groups. They 主張する they 尊敬（する）・点 権利s which do not 侵害する／違反する Islamic Sharia 法律s and their societies' 保守的な traditions.
政党s are banned in Saudi Arabia as are 抗議するs, unions are 違法な, the 圧力（をかける） is controlled and 批評 of the 王室の family can lead to 刑務所，拘置所. Riyadh says it does not have political 囚人s, while 最高の，を越す 公式の／役人s have said 監視するing 行動主義者s is needed to keep social 安定.
In a 声明 on Jan. 15, Bahrain's （警察などへの）密告，告訴（状） 大臣 scolded 湾 マスコミ, 警告 出口s to "shoulder their 責任／義務s" and 反対する foreign 試みる／企てるs to "spread sedition" in 湾 明言する／公表するs - an 明らかな 言及／関連 to Iran which Bahrain 告発する／非難するs of fomenting 不安 の中で Bahraini Shi'ites.
Iran 否定するs 干渉するing in the 事件／事情／状勢s of 湾 明言する／公表するs.
Other 湾 countries, 含むing the 部隊d Arab 首長国s, Qatar and Oman, have also been （刑事）被告 by 権利s groups of 抑制（する）ing 解放する／自由な 表現. In Qatar, 行動主義者s 公式文書，認めるd that Faisal al-Marzoqi, a 目だつ commentator with more than 100,000 Twitter 信奉者s, had not tweeted since November 2016.
The UAE said on March 21 it had 逮捕（する）d political 行動主義者 Ahmed Mansoor, an 電気の engineer and poet, on 告発（する），告訴（する）／料金s of spreading sectarianism and 憎悪 on social マスコミ, a move criticised by 国際アムネスティ.
Defending the move, Mohammed al-Hammadi, editor of the プロの／賛成の-政府 al-Ittihad newspaper, wrote that Mansoor "either will be 罪人／有罪を宣告するd or will be （疑いを）晴らすd through the 支配する of 法律 and the 司法（官） of the 司法の, so what is the problem with this?"
In February Saudi social マスコミ 報告（する）／憶測d the 逮捕（する） of 目だつ 聖職者のs Sheikh Essam al-Owayed and Saad al-Breik.
In a Twitter 地位，任命する on Feb. 23, Owayed wrote in 明らかな 言及／関連 to liberalising 改革（する）s: "Any 決定／判定勝ち（する）-製造者 who thinks he can change the 約束 and 身元 of this country by 開始 the doors to decadence would be calling for a war in which he would be the main loser, no 事柄 who he is."
Owayed's Twitter account has had no new postings since then, while the last Twitter message on Breik's account dates to March 20. Neither Owayed nor Breik could be reached for a comment.
On May 4 on a visit to Saudi Arabia, UN Special Rapporteur on human 権利s and 反対する-テロ行為 Ben Emmerson 勧めるd Riyadh to stop using a 2014 反対する-テロ行為 法律 and 安全 禁止s against human 権利s defenders and writers.
"When he is 会合 with his count erparts from Saudi Arabia and other 湾 countries there, he should be 平等に as （疑いを）晴らす that any 反対する-テロ行為 成果／努力s must 含む 保護（する）／緊急輸入制限s to 保護する the 権利s of individuals to 表明する their opinions and 組み立てる／集結する 平和的に," Philip Luther, 国際アムネスティ´s director for the Middle East and North Africa, told Reuters.
($1 = 3.7503 riyals) (報告（する）／憶測ing by Sami Aboudi; 付加 報告（する）／憶測ing by Roberta Rampton, Jeff Mason and Steve Holland in Washington; editing by Ralph Boulton)
