Around 3,760 TONNES of plastic 破片 ? the 同等（の） 負わせる of eight 巨大な jets ? are 現在／一般に floating in the Mediterranean, 熟考する／考慮する finds

  • Around 3,760 tonnes of plastic 破片 are 現在／一般に floating in the Mediterranean
  • 研究員s 見積（る） that 17,600 tonnes of plastic enters the sea every year?
  • 84 per cent ends up on beaches and 16 per cent in water column or on sea 床に打ち倒す
  • More than 250,000 tonnes of plastic 概算の to be floating in world's oceans

By Sam Tonkin For Mailonline

Published: | Updated:

Around 3,760 tonnes of plastic 破片 ? the 同等（の） 負わせる of eight 巨大な jets ? are 現在／一般に floating in the Mediterranean, a new 熟考する／考慮する has 明らかにする／漏らすd.

研究員s from the Hellenic Centre for 海洋 研究 in Greece have developed a model to 跡をつける the pathways and 運命／宿命 of plastic 破片 from land-based sources in the Mediterranean Sea.

Their model 見積（る）s that 17,600 tonnes of plastic enter the sea every year, of which 84 per cent ends up on beaches and 16 per cent in the water column or on the sea 床に打ち倒す.

The team hopes the model will help to 評価する the 衝撃 of 未来 きれいにする 活動／戦闘s and 管理／経営 計画（する）s to 除去する plastic from the Mediterranean Sea.?

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Around 3,760 tonnes of plastic debris are currently floating in the Mediterranean, a new study has warned. The graphic above also illustrates that 17,600 tonnes of plastic is estimated to enter the sea every year, of which 84 per cent ends up on beaches and 16 per cent in the water column or on the sea floor

Around 3,760 tonnes of plastic 破片 are 現在／一般に floating in the Mediterranean, a new 熟考する／考慮する has 警告するd. The graphic above also illustrates that 17,600 tonnes of plastic is 概算の to enter the sea every year, of which 84 per cent ends up on beaches and 16 per cent in the water column or on the sea 床に打ち倒す

Researchers created a simulation model over the period from 2010 to 2017 to track plastics from rivers and coastal cities, while also taking account of how they might be dispersed

研究員s created a 模擬実験／偽ること model over the period from 2010 to 2017 to 跡をつける plastics from rivers and 沿岸の cities, while also taking account of how they might be 分散させるd

Rice 穀物-sized plastic 設立する in sardine flesh?

Microplastics have been discovered inside every 選び出す／独身 見本 of seafood bought at a market as part of a 科学の 熟考する／考慮する.

研究員s 削減（する） open oysters, prawns, crabs, squids and sardines and 熟考する／考慮するd them for any 調印する of microplastics.

Sardines were 設立する to be the worst 影響する／感情d and had ingested the largest 量 of plastic, up to 30mg per serving ? the same 負わせる as a 穀物 of rice.

Microplastics are tiny 粒子s which are いっそう少なく than five millimetres (0.2 インチs) in length.

The health 衝撃 of humans ingesting these 粒子s remains a 関心ing mystery.

The 熟考する／考慮する was led by the University of Exeter and the University of Queensland.

宣伝

A large 量 of plastic waste ends up in seas and oceans, with 専門家s 見積（る）ing that more than 250,000 tonnes of 破片 are 現在／一般に floating around in oceans all over the world.

The Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot 位置／汚点／見つけ出す for such 汚染 because of its 密集して 居住させるd coastlines, fishing, shipping, 観光旅行，事業, and a 限られた／立憲的な outflow of surface water to the 大西洋.?

However, it is also rich in biodiversity, making it an area of 関心 for the 自然保護 of 海洋 ecosystems.?

Plastic 汚染 影響する／感情s all levels of 海洋 biodiversity, with micro and macroplastic 粒子s 設立する at the sea surface, beaches, the sea 床に打ち倒す, and within the 団体／死体s of big and small 海洋 animals.

Now a team of?研究員s from the Hellenic Centre for 海洋 研究, Greece, have developed a model to 跡をつける the pathways and 運命／宿命 of plastic 破片 from land-based sources in the Mediterranean Sea.?

It 成し遂げるd a 模擬実験／偽ること over the period from 2010 to 2017 to 跡をつける plastics from rivers and 沿岸の cities, while also taking account of how they might be 分散させるd by the 勝利，勝つd, 現在のs and 沈むing.

The model also identified 可能性のある accumulation patterns of micro and macroplastics in the surface 層, water column, sea 床に打ち倒す, and on beaches.?

It 明らかにする／漏らすd that the 量 of plastics going into the Mediterranean every year is だいたい 17,600 tonnes, of which 3,760 tonnes ? 同等（の） to eight times the 447-tonne 最大限 take-off 負わせる of a Boeing 747 巨大な jet?? are 現在／一般に floating in the Mediterranean.??

'模擬実験／偽ることs of plastic 配当 in 海洋 環境s are 現在／一般に characterised by a large degree of 不確定,'?said lead author Dr Kostas Tsiaras.

'実験の data on several 過程s that 影響する／感情 the 運命／宿命 of plastics, such as 沈むing, ingestion by 海洋 organisms and fragmentation into smaller pieces are still やめる 限られた／立憲的な.

'Our model showed a reasonable 技術 in 再生するing the 観察するd 配当s of plastics in the 海洋 環境 and thus can be used to 査定する／（税金などを）課す the 現在の status of plastic 汚染 in the Mediterranean and 評価する the 衝撃 of 未来 きれいにする 活動／戦闘s and 管理／経営 計画（する）s.'?

The Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot spot for plastic pollution because of its densely populated coastlines, tourism, and a limited outflow of surface water to the Atlantic (stock)

The Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot 位置／汚点／見つけ出す for plastic 汚染 because of its 密集して 居住させるd coastlines, 観光旅行，事業, and a 限られた／立憲的な outflow of surface water to the 大西洋 (在庫／株)

The study also identified potential accumulation patterns of micro and macroplastics in the surface layer (pictured) of the?Mediterranean, water column, on the sea floor, and on beaches

The 熟考する／考慮する also identified 可能性のある accumulation patterns of micro and macroplastics in the surface 層 (pictured) of the?Mediterranean, water column, on the sea 床に打ち倒す, and on beaches

These charts show the accumulation of macroplastics such as bottles and bags on the surface

These charts show the accumulation of macroplastics such as 瓶／封じ込める s and 捕らえる、獲得するs on the surface

The model also 述べるd biofouling as a 可能性のある way to 除去する microplastics from the sea water surface.

Biofouling happens when micro-organisms such as algae 蓄積する on floating and 潜水するd 反対するs, 含むing plastic 破片.

'Microplastics are いっそう少なく abundant in the sea surface 予定 to their faster 沈むing from the attachment of heavier 海洋 organisms (biofouling) and 蓄積する deeper in the water column and sea 床に打ち倒す.?

'On the other 手渡す, macroplastics, such as plastic 捕らえる、獲得するs and styrofoam may float around for longer time periods, and travel long distances from their sources,' said Tsiaras.

Sources of microplastics (such as wastewater 治療 工場／植物s) were おもに 設立する 近づく 主要都市の cities and ひどく 居住させるd areas along French, Spanish, and Italian coasts.?

Microplastics enter the waterways through a variety of means and finish suspended in the liquid. They can be transported long distances both in water and via the air, taking them to the furthest corners of the world

Microplastics enter the 水路s through a variety of means and finish 一時停止するd in the liquid. They can be 輸送（する）d long distances both in water and 経由で the 空気／公表する, taking them to the furthest corners of the world

Researchers estimate that 84 per cent of the 17,600 tonnes of plastic that enters the sea every year ends up on beaches, while 16 per cent can be found in the water column or the sea floor

研究員s 見積（る） that 84 per cent of the 17,600 tonnes of plastic that enters the sea every year ends up on beaches, while 16 per cent can be 設立する in the water column or the sea 床に打ち倒す

Larger-sized microplastics were 設立する in areas with a lot of untreated wastewater, such as the coasts off Greece and Turkey.

Macroplastics were abundant in areas with important riverine input such as Algerian, Albanian, and Turkish coasts, and の近くに to 主要都市の cities and 高度に-居住させるd coa stlines in Spain, フラン and Italy.

Tsiaras 追加するd: 'The model 生産（高）s can be used to identify 生態学上 (bird and cetacean habitats) or commercially (aquaculture and 漁業s) important areas that are 潜在的に 脅すd by plastic 汚染.?

'This is important for the design of ecosystem-based 管理／経営 計画（する）s and 政策s for the mitigation of plastic 汚染, which is often a trans-境界 環境の problem, as floating plastics may travel long distances from their sources.'

Although the social, political, and cultural variety of 住むd countries along the coastline of the Mediterranean makes the 実施 of a ありふれた 海洋 ecosystem 管理／経営 政策 difficult, 研究員s hope their model and others like it can help mitigate this problem.

The new 研究 has been published in the 定期刊行物 Frontiers in 海洋 Science.

WHAT FURTHER RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO ASSESS THE SPREAD AND IMPACT OF MICROPLASTIC S?

The World Health Organisation's 2019 報告（する）／憶測 'Microplastics in Drinking Water' 輪郭（を描く）d 非常に／多数の areas for 未来 研究 that could shed light on how far spread the problem of microplastic 汚染 is, how it may 衝撃 human health and what can be done to stop these 粒子s from entering our water 供給（する）s.

How 普及した are microplastics?

The に引き続いて 研究 would 明らかにする the occurrence of microplastics in drinking-water and freshwater sources:

  • More data are needed on the occurrence of microplastics in drinking-water to 査定する／（税金などを）課す human （危険などに）さらす from drinking-water adequately.?
  • 熟考する／考慮するs on occurrence of microplastics must use 質-保証するd methods to 決定する numbers, 形態／調整s, sizes, and composition of the 粒子s 設立する. They should identify whether the microplastics are coming from the freshwater 環境 or from the abstraction, 治療, 配当 or 瓶／封じ込めるing of drinking-water. 最初, this 研究 should 焦点（を合わせる） on drinking-water thought to be most at 危険 of particulate 汚染.?
  • Drinking-water 熟考する／考慮するs would be usefully 補足（する）d by better data on fresh water that enable the freshwater inputs to be quantified and the major sources identified. This may 要求する the 開発 of reliable methods to 跡をつける origins and identify sources.?
  • A 始める，決める of 基準 methods is needed for 見本ing and analysing microplastics in drinking-water and fresh water.?
  • There is a 重要な knowledge gap in the understanding of nanoplastics in the aquatic 環境. A first step to 演説（する）／住所 this gap is to develop 基準 methods for 見本ing and analysing nanoplastics.?

What are the health 関わりあい／含蓄s of microplastics?

Although water 治療 can be 効果的な i n 除去するing 粒子s, there is 限られた／立憲的な data 明確な／細部 to microplastics. To support human health 危険 査定／評価 and 管理／経営 選択s, the に引き続いて data gaps 関係のある to water 治療 need to be 演説（する）／住所d:?

  • More 研究 is needed to understand the 運命／宿命 of microplastics across different wastewater and drinking-water 治療 過程s (such as 解明 過程s and oxidation) under different 操作の circumstances, 含むing optimal and sub-optimal 操作／手術 and the 影響（力） of 粒子 size, 形態／調整 and 化学製品 composition on 除去 efficacy.?
  • There is a need to better understand 粒子 composition pre- and 地位，任命する-water 治療, 含むing in 配当 systems. The 役割 of microplastic 決裂／故障 and abrasion in water 治療 systems, 同様に as the microplastic 出資／貢献 from the 過程s themselves should be considered.?
  • More knowledge is needed to understand the presence and 除去 of nanoplastic 粒子s in water and wastewater 治療 過程s once 基準 methods for nanoplastics are 利用できる.?
  • There is a need to better understand the 関係s between turbidity (and 粒子 counts) and microplastic 集中s throughout the 治療 過程s.?
  • 研究 is needed to understand the significance of the 可能性のある return of microplastics to the 環境 from sludge and other 治療 waste streams.?

To better understand microplastic-associated biofilms and their significance, the に引き続いて 研究 could be carried out:

  • その上の 熟考する／考慮するs could be 行為／行うd on the factors that 影響（力） the composition and 可能性のある specificity of microplastic-associated biofilms.?
  • 熟考する／考慮するs could also consider the factors 影響（力）ing biofilm 形式 on plastic surfaces, 含むing microplastics, and how these factors 変化させる for different plastic 構成要素s, and what organisms more 一般的に 貯蔵所d to plasti c surfaces in freshwater systems.?
  • 研究 could be carried out to better understand the capacity of microplastics to 輸送（する） pathogenic bacteria longer distances 石油精製, the 率 of degradation in freshwater systems and the 親族 豊富 and 輸送（する） capacity of microplastics compared with other 粒子s.
  • 研究 could consider the 危険 of 水平の 移転 of antimicrobial 抵抗 遺伝子s in plastisphere microorganisms compared to other biofilms, such as those 設立する in WWTPs.?

Can water 治療 stop microplastics entering our water 供給（する）s?

Although water 治療 can be 効果的な in 除去するing 粒子s, there is 限られた／立憲的な data 明確な／細部 to microplastics. To support human health 危険 査定／評価 and 管理／経営 選択s, the に引き続いて data gaps 関係のある to water 治療 need to be 演説（する）／住所d:?

  • More 研究 is needed to understand the 運命／宿命 of microplastics across different wastewater and drinking-water 治療 過程s (such as 解明 過程s and oxidation) under different 操作の circumstances, 含むing optimal and sub-optimal 操作／手術 and the 影響（力） of 粒子 size, 形態／調整 and 化学製品 composition on 除去 efficacy.?
  • There is a need to better understand 粒子 composition pre- and 地位，任命する-water 治療, 含むing in 配当 systems. The 役割 of microplastic 決裂／故障 and abrasion in water 治療 systems, 同様に as the microplastic 出資／貢献 from the 過程s themselves should be considered.
  • More knowledge is needed to understand the presence and 除去 of nanoplastic 粒子s in water and wastewater 治療 過程s once 基準 methods for nanoplastics are 利用できる.?
  • There is a need to better understand the 関係s between turbidity (and 粒子 counts) and microplastic 集中s throughout the 治療 過程s.?
  • 研究 is needed t o understand the significance of the 可能性のある return of microplastics to the 環境 from sludge and other 治療 waste streams.
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