Plate tectonics that 支配（する）／統制する the movement of the continents and 原因（となる） 地震s first formed 2.5 BILLION years ago, scientists （人命などを）奪う，主張する
- 正確に／まさに when plate tectonics began has long been a 支配する of 地質学の 審議
- Previous 見積（る）s for its 出現 have 範囲d from 3.5?1 billion years ago?
- 研究員s analysed Earth's past heat flow as 記録，記録的な／記録するd by metamorphic 激しく揺するs
- They used this to 決定する when plate tectonics started as the Earth?冷静な／正味のd
Plate tectonics, the 漸進的な drift of continents across the Earth's surface that 原因（となる）s 地震, began around 2.5 billion years ago, a new 熟考する／考慮する 示唆するs.????
正確に／まさに when the Earth's plates formed and began moving has long been a 支配する of 審議, with 見積（る）s 範囲ing from 3.5?5 billion years ago.
研究員s 熟考する／考慮するd metamorphic 激しく揺するs from across the globe to build up a picture of how the heat flow in the Earth's crust has changed over time.
From this they were able to 決定する when plate tectonics must have first begun.?
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Plate tectonics ― the 漸進的な drift of continents across the Earth's surface that 原因（となる）s 地震s ― began arou nd 2.5 billion years ago, a new 熟考する／考慮する 示唆するs. Pictured, the configuration the Earth's major tectonic plates in the 現在の day
To 査定する／（税金などを）課す when Earth's plate tectonics kicked off, geologist?Robert 支えるもの／所有者 of the?Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and 同僚s 熟考する／考慮するd metamorphic 激しく揺するs from 564 場所／位置s across the globe that date 支援する as far as 3 billion years ago.
Metamorphic 激しく揺するs are those that form when other types of 激しく揺する ― those made from sediments, or that 冷静な／正味のd out of 溶岩 or magma ― are altered through either extreme 気温s or 圧力s.
By analysing these 激しく揺するs, the team could 決定する the depths and 気温s at which they were formed, building up a picture of the changing heat flow at different places across the Earth's crust ― and, in turn, the plate tectonics that 支配（する）／統制するs such.
'Some geologists consider that Earth has had plate tectonics throughout its four-and-a-half-billion-year 存在,' said paper author and Curtin University geologist?Tim Johnson.
'反して others consider that plate tectonics appeared 突然の some one billion years ago.'
'Using a simple 統計に基づく 分析 of the 気温, 圧力 and age of metamorphic 激しく揺するs, we have 明らかにする／漏らすd that plate tectonics 発展させるd 徐々に over the past 2.5 billion years as our 惑星 slowly 冷静な／正味のd.'
A large 焦点（を合わせる） of the 研究員s' 分析 関心d the いわゆる?Proterozoic Eon, the period from 2.5?0.54 billion year s ago ― over half of the Earth's history.
'There is 審議 as to whether the plate tectonic 過程s we 観察する today can be used to 解釈する／通訳する really 古代の 激しく揺するs or if Earth’s tectonic 過程s were fundamentally different in the 深い 地質学の past,' Dr Johnson said.
正確に／まさに when the Earth's plates formed and began moving has long been a 支配する of 審議, with 見積（る）s 範囲ing from 3.5?5 billion years ago. Pictured, the changing configuration of the continents over time, dating 支援する to 225 million years ago and the supercontinent Pangaea
'Understanding how the 古代の Earth was different to the modern Earth is 重要な to 正確に 解釈する／通訳するing how Earth’s 激しく揺するs formed,' said Dr Johnson.
This, he 追加するs, explains 'why they are distri buted across the continents in the patterns that we see, 含むing where mineral 資源s occur, how 広範囲にわたる they might be, and where 付加 資源s might be 設立する.'
'The 枠組み for much of our understanding of the world and its 地質学の 過程s relies on plate tectonics,' agreed Dr 支えるもの／所有者.
The 十分な findings of the 熟考する／考慮する were published in the 定期刊行物 Nature.?
The Earth is moving under our feet: Tectonic plates move through the mantle and produce 地震s as they 捨てる against each other
Tectonic plates are composed of Earth's crust and the uppermost 部分 of the mantle.?
Below is the asthenosphere: the warm, viscous conveyor belt of 激しく揺する on which tectonic plates ride.
The Earth has fifteen tectonic plates (pictured) that together have moulded the 形態／調整 of the landscape we see around us today?
地震s typically occur at the 境界s of tectonic plates, where one plate 下落するs below another, thrusts another 上向き, or where plate 辛勝する／優位s 捨てる と一緒に each other.?
地震s rarely occur in the middle of plates, but they can happen when 古代の faults or 不和s far below the surface 反動的な.?
These areas are 比較して weak compared to the surrounding plate, and can easily slip and 原因（となる） an 地震.
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