明らかにする／漏らすd: The dog 産む／飼育するs at the highest 危険 of dying from 癌 - with medium-sized pups at the 最高の，を越す of the 名簿（に載せる）／表（にあげる）

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A new 熟考する／考慮する 明らかにする／漏らすs the dog 産む／飼育するs with the highest 危険 of dying from 癌 ? and it's not good news for owners of?medium-sized pups.?

By 熟考する／考慮するing canine death 記録，記録的な／記録するs from three different countries, a biologist in California?設立する the?flat-coated retriever has the highest 危険 of?癌 mortality.

全体にわたる, medium-sized dogs have a higher 危険 of developing 癌 than the very largest or smallest 産む／飼育するs, the 熟考する／考慮する 設立する.?

The Scottish terrier, Bernese Mountain Dog and Bullmastiff also have '著名な 危険' of dying from the 病気, the 専門家 設立する.?

一方／合間, 産む／飼育するs with the lowest 危険 of 癌 含む Pomeranian, Miniature Pinscher, Shih tzu and Chihuahua.?

全体にわたる, medium-sized dogs have a higher 危険 of developing 癌 than the very largest or smallest 産む／飼育するs, the 熟考する／考慮する 設立する?

The 熟考する／考慮する was 行為／行うd by?Leonard Nunney, a professor of biology at UC Riverside in California, and?published in the 王室の Society Open Science.?

'癌 is a 主要な 原因（となる） of death in 国内の dogs [but] deaths 予定 to 癌 変化させる 広範囲にわたって の中で 産む／飼育するs,' he says in his paper.

'Some of these 産む／飼育する differences in 癌 危険 may be 予定 to the 影響s of inbreeding.'?

Professor Nunney analysed dog mortality 率s from three different data 始める，決めるs ? one of each from the US, the UK and Finland.?

For the results, he considered dog 産む／飼育するs that appeared in at least two of the three datasets ? 85 産む／飼育するs in total.?

He 設立する that the smallest dogs, 含むing Pomeranians, Miniature Pinschers, Shih tzus and Chihuahuas have about a 10 per cent chance of dying from 癌.?

Dalmatians and Bulldogs were の中で those with a わずかに higher 危険 ? around 20 per cent.??

By comparison, many 比較して large 産む／飼育するs, such as the Bernese Mountain Dog and Bullmastiff, have a 40 to 50 per cent chance of death from 癌.?

But the Flat-coated Retriever ? a gun dog 産む／飼育する 起こる／始まるing from England ? had the highest mortality from 癌, at about 60 per cent.?

The 専門家 設立する that the 産む／飼育する gets a type of sarcoma with higher frequency than it should have for its size.

にもかかわらず the general 傾向 of small 産む／飼育するs having lower 危険,?the Scottish Terrier is one small 産む／飼育する with an 異常に high 癌 death 危険, compared with?other small 産む／飼育するs.?

'Terriers in general get more 癌 than 推定する／予想するd for their size,' Professor Nunney said.?

The flat-coated retriever (FCR) has a 意味ありげに elevated 率 of death 予定 to 癌 (about 60 per cent). Bernese mountain dog (BMD) has around 50 per cent 危険, while bulmastiff (BulM) has around 45 per cent and Staffordshire bull terrier (SBT) and Scottish terrier (ScoT) about 40 p er cent. 産む／飼育するs with low levels of 癌 are? bulldog (BulD) and Dalmatian (Dal)

The Flat-coated Retriever - a gun dog 産む／飼育する 起こる／始まるing from England (pictured) - had the highest mortality from 癌

Many 比較して large 産む／飼育するs, such as Bernese Mountain Dog (pictured) and Bullmastiff, have a 40 to 50 per cent chance of death from 癌

READ MORE:?明らかにする／漏らすd: The popular dog 産む／飼育するs bred to look '削減（する）'

From pugs to dachshunds, several 産む／飼育するs を煩う 'extreme conformation'?

宣伝

Much like humans, dogs develop 癌 予定 to genetic factors and 環境の stressors.?

It's ありふれた for 独房s to acquire errors or 突然変異s as they divide and form copies of themselves ? the 過程 that can lead to 癌.?

Bigger animals, and those that live longer, have more 独房s and a longer lifespan during which those 独房s divide ? so they should have more 適切な時期s to acquire 突然変異s that 結局 become 癌.?

'熟考する／考慮するs on humans show that tall people get more 癌 than short people,' said Professor Nunney.?

'It's about a 10 per cent 増加する over the baseline 危険 for every 10 センチメートルs in 高さ.'?

However, the very largest 産む／飼育するs, such as 広大な／多数の／重要な Danes, have いっそう少なく 癌 than medium-sized 産む／飼育するs, the results show.?

This is because of an as-yet unexplained 現象 ? the life 見込み of dogs gets lower with 増加するd 団体／死体 size.

'For every 続けざまに猛撃する 増加する in typical 産む／飼育する size you lose about two weeks of life,' Professor Nunney 追加するd.

'A very big dog, you're lucky if they live past nine years, 反して small dogs can go about 14.'

産む／飼育するs with the lowest 危険 of 癌 含む Pomeranian (pictured), Miniature Pinscher, Shih Tzu and Chihuahua

Scottish terrier (pictured) is an example of a small 産む／飼育する with a high 癌 death 危険, compared with other small 産む／飼育するs

癌 is predominantly a 病気 of old age, so by having a 減ずるd lifespan the largest dogs have a smaller 癌 危険 than medium-sized dogs.?

In other words, larger dogs may not die from 癌 as much as medium-sized dogs, but they're likely to live shorter lifespans anyway.?

Professor Nunney 警告するs that some 産む／飼育するs may have experienced an 増加するd 癌 危険 予定 to inbreeding ??the mating together of closely 関係のある dogs, usually of the same 産む／飼育する.?

Mixed 産む／飼育する dogs live about 1.2 years longer than pure bred ones of 類似の size, によれば a 事前の 熟考する／考慮する, 示すing that a 減少（する） in the level of inbreeding leads to longer canine lifespans.?

'Inbreeding (and the associated loss of genetic 多様制) is a 井戸／弁護士席-known 原因（となる） of an 増加するd incidence of 相続するd 病気,' the 専門家 追加するs.?

類似の to symptoms in humans, 癌 警告 調印するs in dogs 含む lumps and bumps,?異常な 発射する／解雇するs, 非，不，無-傷をいやす／和解させるing 負傷させるs, 負わせる loss, change in appetite and coughing or difficulty breathing.?

によれば?NC 明言する／公表する University Veterinary Hospital,?up to 80 per cent of 肌 lumps in pets are not cancerous.

'But 協議するing with your veterinarian is the only way to be sure,' it says.?

WHAT ANIMALS GET CANCER?

癌 seems to 影響する／感情 all animals but is difficult to 熟考する／考慮する in wild 全住民s 予定 to them frequently moving around.

The 種類 most 一般的に 影響する／感情d 含む:?

Tasmanian devils

An unusual form of 癌 has driven Tasmanian devils to become an 危うくするd 種類 in their native Australia.?

Unlike most 癌s, which arise through genetic 突然変異s, Tasmanian devil facial tumor 病気 (DFTD) is transmitted between the animals 経由で biting, 積極的な mating or 株ing food.?

DFTD most 一般的に occurs on the 直面する or mouth but can spread anywhere in the 団体／死体.

Nearly all 影響する／感情d animals die within six months 予定 to an 無（不）能 to eat or the 病気 spreading.?

Image shows a?Tasmanian devil 影響する／感情d by a facial tumour, which are usually deadly

Nearly all 影響する／感情d die within six months 予定 to an 無（不）能 to eat or 病気 spreading

Dogs?

Breast 癌 is the most ありふれた form of the 病気 in 女性（の） dogs.

Cancerous tumours nearly always result in the animal's death, even with 治療, du e to them spreading.?

The 大多数 of dog breast 癌s are discovered during 決まりきった仕事 examinations by vets, however, owners may notice:

• Lumps or swellings around the nipples
• 異常な secretions coming from the breasts
• 大きくするd lymph nodes under the armpits or around the groin
• If the 癌 has spread, for instance to the 肺s, the dog may have difficulty breathing?

原因（となる）s may be hormonal, genetic or dietary 関係のある.

Obese dogs appear to be more 傾向がある to breast 癌 than their fitter 相当するものs.?

Image a) shows a fish with a large melanoma on its 味方する; b) is almost 完全に covered in melanoma; c) is a の近くに up of normal fish 肌; d) is a の近くに up of melanoma on fish 肌

Fish

珊瑚 trout, which live along the Gre at 障壁 暗礁, can develop melanoma.

Melanoma is the most deadly form of 肌 癌.

The 暗礁 is 据えるd 直接／まっすぐに underneath the largest known オゾン 穴を開ける, which exposes fish to high levels of UV light.

UV light is also the biggest 原因（となる） of 肌 癌 in humans.?

Clams?

研究 示唆するs clams can develop a form of leukaemia in their?hemolymph, which is the 同等（の） of human 血.

Cancerous 独房s float away from 影響する／感情d clams to 侵略する nearby animals, spreading the 病気.

Source: 癌 追求（する），探索（する）?